PERAN DAYAH DALAM MEMBENTUK KARAKTER ANAK DALAM MASYARAKAT ACEH

The concept of character education becomes an offer to answer the phenomenon of immoral. Thus, the development of the concept of character education in accordance with regional characteristics is important to research. Dayah as the oldest Islamic educational institution in Aceh and with stories of success has proven successful in educated children's character. This study aims to find patterns of character formation for children in the Bustanul Ridha dayah, East Aceh Regency. This type of research is qualitative and used the phenomenological approach. The data collection techniques used interviews, observation and documentation. The results showed that the pattern of children's character formation used a comprehensive approach which was carried out through intracurricular and extracurricular learning. The strategy of character building puts forward the stages of moral (spiritual) inspiration compared to the stages of moral knowledge and moral feelings, and moral action in the concept of character education for children in the dayah. Keywords: : Character Education, Aceh Dayah, Islamic Education Institute Abstrak: Konsep pendidikan karakter lahir dan menjadi tawaran guna menjawab fonomena perilaku demoralisasi. Sehingga, pengembangan konsep pendidikan karakter yang sesuai dengan karakteristik kedaerahan menjadi penting untuk diteliti. Dayah sebagai sebuah lembaga pendidikan Islam tertua di Aceh dan secara stories of success telah membuktikan pembentukan karakter bagi anak-anak. Jadi, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola pembentukan karakter bagi anak di dayah Bustanul Ridha Kabupaten Aceh Timur. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi menjadi metode dalam pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pola pembentukan karakter anak menggunakan pendekatan komprehensif yang dilakukan melalui pembelajaran intrakurikuler dan ekstrakurikuler. Strategi pembentukan karakter mengedepankan tahapan penjiwaan moral (spiritual) dibandingkan tahapan pengetahuan moral, tindakan dan perasaan moral dalam konsep pendidikan karakter bagi anak di dayah. Kata Kunci : Pendidikan Karakter, Dayah Aceh, Lembaga Pendidikan Islam

Employing AI to Better Understand Our Morals

We present a summary of research that we have conducted employing AI to better understand human morality. This summary adumbrates theoretical fundamentals and considers how to regulate development of powerful new AI technologies. The latter research aim is benevolent AI, with fair distribution of benefits associated with the development of these and related technologies, avoiding disparities of power and wealth due to unregulated competition. Our approach avoids statistical models employed in other approaches to solve moral dilemmas, because these are “blind” to natural constraints on moral agents, and risk perpetuating mistakes. Instead, our approach employs, for instance, psychologically realistic counterfactual reasoning in group dynamics. The present paper reviews studies involving factors fundamental to human moral motivation, including egoism vs. altruism, commitment vs. defaulting, guilt vs. non-guilt, apology plus forgiveness, counterfactual collaboration, among other factors fundamental in the motivation of moral action. These being basic elements in most moral systems, our studies deliver generalizable conclusions that inform efforts to achieve greater sustainability and global benefit, regardless of cultural specificities in constituents.

Moral Competence, Moral Teamwork, Moral Action – Outcomes of Moral Case Deliberation in the Euro-MCD 2.0 For Evaluating Clinical Ethics Support

"Background: For Moral Case Deliberation (MCD), like any form of Clinical ethics support (CES), it is important to know whether it reaches its presumed goal of supporting healthcare professionals in their ethical challenges. Evaluation is needed to gain insight in the value of MCD. Therefore, the Euro-MCD instrument was developed to assess outcomes of MCD, and has now been revised. The aim of this presentation is to present the revised Instrument: the Euro-MCD 2.0. Methods: The revision process was an iterative dialogue in which field study findings were integrated with theoretical reflections and expert-input. Results: The Euro-MCD 2.0 has three domains: 1) Moral Competence, 2) Moral Teamwork and 3) Moral Action. Moral Competence includes items on moral sensitivity, analytical skills and a virtuous attitude, like ‘I speak up in ethically difficult situations’. Moral Teamwork refers to open dialogue and supportive relationships, for example ‘We feel secure to share emotions in ethically difficult situations’. Moral Action includes items about moral decision-making and responsible care, like ‘We are able to explain and justify our care towards patients and their families’. Discussion: The Euro-MCD 2.0 is shorter and more strongly substantiated by empirical data and theoretical reflections. At the conference, we will reflect on the revision process and the underlying foundations of the domains. The revised instrument helps to get insight in the MCD related outcomes for healthcare professionals in their daily practice. Our research can further improve implementation of MCD and contribute to the research field of evaluation of CES in general. "

Is Presence Always Complicity? An Analysis of Presence, Its Moral Objects, and Scandal in Proximity to Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia

Catholic chaplains and clinicians who exercise their vocations in contexts wherein physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia (PAS-E) are legal may need to confront the difficult question of whether or not their presence in proximity to these acts and the processes that govern them is consistent with Catholic ethics. Debate on this question to date has focused on complicit presence and scandal. Drawing on Catholic theological ethics and the vision for end-of-life care espoused in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith’s recent letter, Samaritanus Bonus, I argue that some forms of presence in proximity to PAS-E are ethically justifiable. Core to this argument are the three elements of moral action: intention, object, and circumstance, alongside efforts to mitigate the risk of scandal informed by the teaching of Aquinas.

Parabolic Life: Toward an Ethics of God’s Apocalypse

Christian ethicist Nancy Duff has suggested that an apocalyptic hearing of the gospel elicits a parabolic understanding of the Christian moral life. How might the theological basis and rationale of this claim be elaborated? What is it about human life funded by the gospel of God’s apocalypse in Jesus Christ that makes ‘parable’ an apt description of the quality of its action? And how might these notions be elaborated to enrich our understanding of responsible moral action more generally? This article explores these questions by way of a running conversation with the work of J. Louis Martyn, Christopher Morse and Paul Ricoeur. It concludes by showing the salience of these themes in relation to Bonhoeffer’s later reflections upon the distinctive quality of Christian life in the wreckage of Christendom. Overall, the solid currency of a parabolic construal of the character of Christian moral action for the present pursuit of theological ethics is recommended.

Two Pessimisms in Mill

Mill defines utilitarianism as the combination of a “theory of life” and a moral claim: only pleasure and freedom from pain are desirable as ends, and the promotion of happiness is the sole goal of moral action. So defined, utilitarianism is open to ad hominem pessimistic objection: a “theory of life” which entails the impossibility of happiness fits poorly with a morality centered on its promotion. The first two challenges Mill confronts in Utilitarianism share this pessimistic structure. Interestingly, however, these challenges paint inverted pictures of the best utilitarian life: one suggests this life is satisfying but ignoble, the other that it is noble but unsatisfying. I explain Mill's treatment of both challenges as genuinely pessimistic interpretations of utilitarianism's “theory of life.” Read through the lens of Mill's engagement with pessimism, these challenges point to distinctive conceptions of dignity and satisfaction that play a significant role in Mill's ethics.

The Effect of Fantasy Context on Moral Action and Judgment

Research suggests individuals import real-world facts into fictional worlds based on the type of fact and fictional context. We examined the importation of real-world morality across fictional contexts. Undergraduate (Study 1) and MTurk (Study 2) participants were randomly assigned to read either a realistic or matching fantastical interactive narrative. At seven junctions, participants were presented with a choice between behaving morally and behaving immorally to advance their goals. In Study 3, an MTurk sample judged the actions of a character who behaved immorally. For Study 1, a gender by condition interaction was found, with males electing more immoral actions in the fantasy condition. For Study 2, no such effect was found. Nonetheless, in Study 3, participants judged immoral actions in the realistic condition as more immoral compared to the fantasy context. Across all studies, transportation predicted choosing fewer immoral actions and judging immoral actions more harshly.