The role of hydrogen in the kinetic mechanism of formation of a carbon fraction of dispersed particles in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels

The issues of the scientific search for ways to limit emissions of dispersed particles are of particular importance within the context of socially important problem of environmental protection in the field of heat power during the operation of power plants for various purposes. The bulk of the dispersed particles are particles of the carbon fraction. These particles formed during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel are among the most harmful substances. The high potential hazard of the particles of the carbon fraction is due to the fact that they contain a number of highly toxic mutagens and carcinogens. Moreover, the ultra-small particle sizes allow them to actively penetrate the human respiratory organs. An alternative version of the method for reducing carbon particles emission based on the use of an additive of a small fraction of free hydrogen to the working fluid of a power plant is considered. A number of scientific provisions on the role of hydrogen as a chemical reagent in the acts of formation and burning of carbon particles are substantiated, the validity of which is confirmed by the results of experimental testing.

Development of Methodics for Calculation of Share of Destroyed Hydrocarbons upon Flaring of Associated Gas at Sea Platforms

In the article the possibility to develop the new methodic for calculation of share of destroyed hydrocarbons upon flaring of associated gas is considered. It is shown that problem of flaring of associated hydrocarbon gas is that non-complete firing causing emission to atmosphere such products as СО2, aerosol (black carbon] and also CH4. Uncertainty in estimate of carbon fraction in total mass and also of ratio of concentrations of CH4 and СО2 over different oil producing sea platforms make it possible to form variation optimization task solution of which allows to evaluate the minimum guaranteed share of destroyed hydrocarbon gas upon its flaring.

Are human activities main drivers of soil organic carbon losses in mountain rainfed agroecosystems?

<p>One of the principal soil degradation problems affecting European agroecosystems is the loss of topsoil by water erosion. In dry climates, soil erosion is led by two main factors, human activities such as agriculture and extreme episodic rainfalls. However, agriculture plays a crucial role in leaving the soils unprotected during part of the year. Thus, extreme rainfall can easily remove the topsoil with the subsequent removal of nutrients in surface soil layers and the reduction of soil quality.</p><p>To assess the effects of extreme storms in rainfed agriculture catchments on soil organic carbon removal, surface soil samples from different land uses were collected in a medium-sized catchment at the foot of Santo Domingo range. The study area was mostly cultivated at the beginning of the 19th century but changed to rangeland and afforestation forest in the last 50 years. The remaining cropland area is mostly rainfed agriculture that leaves soils unprotected in periods when erosive storms occur (autumn convective rainfalls). The main land uses are croplands, pine afforestation, scrubland and Mediterranean forest. To track the export of soil organic carbon associated to mobilised sediment occurring under storm events, channel bed sediment samples were collected along the principal streams of the drainage network during regular flow, after a regular storm event, and after an extreme storm event. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), SOC fractions and grain size were analysed and compared for the three sampling campaigns.  The results show a gradual decrease of the fine fraction from regular flood samples to samples collected after the extreme event. However, the SOC showed a sharp decrease in the post-extreme event samples, with higher decreases in the active carbon fraction (ACF) than in the stable carbon fraction (SCF).</p><p>Our findings highlight the substantial in situ hazards of extreme rainfall events removing soil organic carbon from topsoils and exporting fine sediment and nutrients out of the catchment with important indirect impacts on water resources both quantity and quality.</p>

Existence of Nano Level Force in Protein Plays Applications of Maximum Untold Understanding of Life Form

There are many interactive forces between atoms applied to solve the problem of nature of molecules. One would go on applying this to several diseases and sufferings. On doing so, we have discovered that a new dimension of atomic arrangements playing a role in existence of force of interaction at nano level say at 1.6 nm. Arrangements are in such way that it maintains a carbon fraction of 0.3144 in the structure of biologically important molecule called protein. Arrangements are important from maintaining structure and another way of interaction due to the deficiency of this domain formation. All our analysis conclude that there is new kind of force of attraction available for advancing the science here in biology and other field as well as other elements possess this nano level forces of attraction. Our results are validated with crystal availability because of force existence. Otherwise other may have to be studied accordingly. Bond of all atoms involved in domain formation are altered from original value of bond formation but increased or decreased according to the type of bonds. Alteration can be a measure of this newly identified nano level force of interaction. Our analysis can be extended to other problems in our science of untold answer

Fossil carbon fraction of industrial waste incineration and optimal cycle for measurement

This study aimed to measure the fossil carbon fraction in industrial waste incineration facilities to determine its characteristics and the optimal time cycle for measurement. The analysis of the fossil carbon fraction in the industrial waste incineration facilities in Korea showed that the fraction in industrial waste incineration facility A was in the range of 51.58–68.18%, while the fraction in industrial waste incineration facility B was in the range of 40.00–64.66%. In this study, it was shown that a non-parametric method of statistical analysis was most suitable for the data of fossil carbon fraction in the industrial waste incineration facilities. The Kruskal–Wallis test indicated the same distribution of the mean for the monthly, quarterly, semiannual, and annual data from both industrial waste incineration facilities, suggesting that the optimal cycle for measuring fossil carbon fraction in the industrial waste incineration facilities is the annual cycle, corresponding to the longest cycle for measurement. This study provided fundamental data of fossil carbon fraction in industrial waste incineration facilities that can be used as a reference for emission estimation. Additionally, the significance of the study includes suggesting a statistical method for determining the optimal cycle for the measurement of fossil carbon fraction and having determined the optimal cycle.