17. Decision-making and company meetings

Shareholders typically exercise their voting power during the general meetings of the company, in the form of resolutions passed at such meetings. For private companies, the expectation is that they will not hold meetings, but use written resolutions. This chapter considers the mechanisms for meetings for public and traded companies. The chapter discusses voting entitlement, proxies, and corporate representatives. It considers the main types of resolutions, especially written resolutions for private companies, as well as ordinary and special resolutions. Meeting procedures including notice and convening requirements are discussed. There is a detailed look at the important Duomatic principle of informal shareholder assent in place of a resolution.

resume hukum tatanegara

Resume tentang partai politik dan pemilihan umum)A.Partai politik dan sistem kepartaianPartai politik berasal dari kata yunani,yakni ‘’pars’’ yang artinya ’’ bagian’’ atau ‘’bagian darikeseluruhan’’ .karena itu partai politik adalah perkumpulan orang-orang yangseazas,sehaluan dan setujuan yang berihtiar untuk memenagkan dan mencapai cita-citapolitik dan sosial mereka secara bersama-sama.Basis sosiologi parpol adalah pada dua hal,yakni: ideologi dan kepentingan yang diarahkanpada usaha-usaha untuk memperoleh kekuasaan.tanpa kedua elemen ini maka parpol tidakakan mampu mengidentifikasi dirinya dengan para penduduknya.Peran penting parpol disamping untuk membentuk struktur sistem pemerintahan yang dianutoleh suatu negara juga untuk membentuk sistem formasi dan kontelasi politik diparlemen.keduannya dilakukan melalui mekanisme pilihan umum(pemilu)yang mengandungasas dan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi secara universal.pengertian dari partai politik yang dikemukan oleh para ahli:-miriam budiadjo menyebutkan bahwa partai politik adalah suatu kelompok yang terogrnisiryang anggota-anggotanya memiliki orientasi,nilai-nilai dan cita-cita yag sama.tujuankelompok ini ialah untuk memperoleh kekuasaan politik dan merebut kedudukanpolitik,biasanya dengan cara konstitusional,untuk melaksanakan kebijakan-kebijakanmereka-Sigmund neumann dalam modern political parties mengemukakan definisi sebagai berikut:a political party is the articulate organization of society ‘s active political agents,those whoare concerned with the control of government power and who compete for popular supportwith another group or groups holdinng divergent views(partai politik adalah organisasi dariaktivis-aktivis politik yang berusaha untuk menguasai kekuasaan pemerintahan sertamerebut dukungan rakyat atas dasar persaingan dengan suatu golongan ataugolongan-golongan lain yang mempunyai pandangan yang berbeda)-carl j.friedrich :A political party is a group of human beings,stably organized with theobjective of securing or maintaining for its leaders the control of a government,with thefurther objective of giving to members of the party,through such control ideal and materialbenefits and adventages(partai politik adalah sekelompok manusia yang teroganisir secarastabil dengan tujuan merebut atau mempertahankan kekuasaan terhadap pemerintahanbagi pimpinan partainya dan berdasarkan penguasaan ini memberikan kepada anggotapartainya kemanfaatan yang bdrsifat ideal maupun materiil.-r.h soltau mendefinisikan mengenai partai politik adalah a group of citizens more or lessorganised,who act as a political unit and who by the use of their voting power,aim to controlthe government and carry out their general policies.(sekelompok warga kurang lebihterorganisir ,yang bertindak sebagai unit politik dengan menggunakan hak suaramereka,bertujuan untuk mengontrol pemerintah dan melaksanakan kebijakan umummereka)-robert k.carr:political party isn an organization that attemps to achieve and maintain control

Board Level Employee Representation and Tax Avoidance in Europe

In part due to recent disclosures of large-scale tax evasion (e.g. Panama Papers), corporate tax avoidance has become a prominent public policy issue around the world. An increasing amount of research on this topic has focused on identifying the determinants of tax avoidance at the company and country level. Many newer studies examine differences in corporate governance as one of these determinants. However, this literature almost entirely neglects the role of board level employee representation (BLER), despite the fact that this form of ‘stakeholder governance’ is widespread in Europe. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between BLER and tax avoidance at the company level. Two mechanisms are identified through which BLER might influence corporate tax behavior: 1) reduction in agency costs through monitoring and 2) the voting power of workers as board members to enter into coalitions with management and/or shareholders. Based on a sample of 2343 European listed companies between 2012 and 2017, this paper shows that companies with BLER have a higher effective tax rate (ETR) than companies without workers on the board. The analysis suggests that the ability to form coalitions through voting power is a more significant channel for influencing tax behavior than the monitoring mechanism. The policy implications are that governments should consider ‘stakeholder governance’ such as BLER as one measure supporting their efforts to combat tax avoidance.

The Asian Development Bank

Rivalry between the United States and Japan over Asian economic growth left its mark on the ‘personality’ of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The evolution of the ADB provides, therefore, interesting insights as regards the extent to which a principal-agent approach can be used to shed light on this regional development bank’s evolution. Usually, a principal-agent approach opposes the owner (principal) to the manager (agent). Competition observed in the ADB opposes less the principals to the agent than the principals with each other. The ADB Charter ensures regional members a majority of ‘voice’ in the Bank and that smaller members have a minimum of representation. Moreover, competition between the United States and Japan during the 1990s encouraged other member countries to counterbalance the leaders’ influence by increasing their share in voting power. China’s entry into the Bank from 1986 also contributed to diversifying the points of view among the member countries.