scholarly journals Board Level Employee Representation and Tax Avoidance in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigurt Vitols
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Voting Power ◽  
Employee Representation ◽  
Board Level

AbstractIn part due to recent disclosures of large-scale tax evasion (e.g. Panama Papers), corporate tax avoidance has become a prominent public policy issue around the world. An increasing amount of research on this topic has focused on identifying the determinants of tax avoidance at the company and country level. Many newer studies examine differences in corporate governance as one of these determinants. However, this literature almost entirely neglects the role of board level employee representation (BLER), despite the fact that this form of ‘stakeholder governance’ is widespread in Europe. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between BLER and tax avoidance at the company level. Two mechanisms are identified through which BLER might influence corporate tax behavior: 1) reduction in agency costs through monitoring and 2) the voting power of workers as board members to enter into coalitions with management and/or shareholders. Based on a sample of 2343 European listed companies between 2012 and 2017, this paper shows that companies with BLER have a higher effective tax rate (ETR) than companies without workers on the board. The analysis suggests that the ability to form coalitions through voting power is a more significant channel for influencing tax behavior than the monitoring mechanism. The policy implications are that governments should consider ‘stakeholder governance’ such as BLER as one measure supporting their efforts to combat tax avoidance.

scholarly journals Taxing across Borders: Tracking Personal Wealth and Corporate Profits

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Zucman
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Tax Havens ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Corporate Profits

This article attempts to estimate the magnitude of corporate tax avoidance and personal tax evasion through offshore tax havens. US corporations book 20 percent of their profits in tax havens, a tenfold increase since the 1980; their effective tax rate has declined from 30 to 20 percent over the last 15 years, and about two-thirds of this decline can be attributed to increased international tax avoidance. Globally, 8 percent of the world's personal financial wealth is held offshore, costing more than $200 billion to governments every year. Despite ambitious policy initiatives, profit shifting to tax havens and offshore wealth are rising. I discuss the recent proposals made to address these issues, and I argue that the main objective should be to create a world financial registry.

scholarly journals Does Corporate Social Responsibility Influence Corporate Tax Avoidance of Chinese Listed Companies?

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4549 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Gulzar ◽  
Jacob Cherian ◽  
Muhammad Sial ◽  
Alina Badulescu ◽  
Phung Thu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Chinese Listed Companies ◽  
Corporate Social

The primary objective of this paper is to empirically examine whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences corporate tax avoidance (CTA) of Chinese listed companies. The study is based on a sample of 3481 firm-year observations from 2009 to 2015 using CSR ratings from the Rankins (RKS) corporate social responsibility ratings agency in China, and all financial data extracted from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR). The authors foundthat CSR is negatively related to the current and cash effective tax rate (proxies of corporate tax avoidance), suggesting that responsible firms are more involved in tax avoidance as compared to less responsible firms. Their findings are robust against different control variables. Additionally, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the paper is one of the first to document an empirical association between CSR and corporate tax avoidance of Chinese listed companies.

Ending the Tax Haven Scandals

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1850175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Kudrle
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Formula Apportionment ◽  
Automatic Information ◽  
Tax Haven ◽  
The World ◽  
Taking Action

States around the world appear more determined than ever to end tax haven abuse. The new U.S. administration, for example, is taking action against both major tax haven problems: corporation income tax avoidance and personal income tax evasion. Some progress may be made. This essay argues, however, that only radically new policy will likely suffice either to shore up corporate tax revenues or to sharply diminish evasion. Global formula apportionment is needed if the corporate income tax is to be preserved, and only a combination of automatic information sharing among governments and source withholding can stamp out evasion. As in most areas of international economic policy, U.S. leadership is essential.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KOMISARIS INDEPENDEN, KOMITE AUDIT, CAPITAL INTENSITY DAN CORPORATE RISKTERHADAP TAX AVOIDANCE (Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Industri Barang Konsumsi yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2013-2016)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Basuki Basuki
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate

Things that need to be done in order to prove independentcommissioners, audit committee, capital intensity and corporate risk ontax avoidance in companies engaged in Indonesia Stock Exchange(IDX). In this study, tax avoidance uses the Cash Effective Tax Rate(CETR) proxy. The research period is 4 years, ie during 2013-2016. Thestudy population covers all manufacturing companies of the industrialsector of goods in the period 2013-2016ALAH 148 companies. Thesampling technique used purposive sampling technique. Based on thecriteria set in the sample of 84 corporate data. Types of data which aresecondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website.The process of data analysis that is panel analysis of regression data.The results showed that independent commissioners and capital intensitydid not have a significant effect, while audit committee and corporaterisk had a significant effect on tax evasion.

scholarly journals The Effect of Public Share Ownership on Tax Evasion: Study on Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange Between 2008-2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikbal Abdullah ◽  
Andi Chairil Furqan ◽  
Ni Made Suwitri Parwati ◽  
Asmanurhidayani Asmanurhidayani
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Public Ownership ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
Share Ownership ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Public Share

Increasing the concentration of ownership and control of public companies in Indonesia is more likely to increase the likelihood of earnings management practices through tax avoidance. The high percentage of concentrated ownership has encouraged the government and capital market regulators to more broadly promote regulations related to tax incentives and public ownership in order to encourage more transparent practices. This study aims to analyze the policy of public ownership of tax avoidance conducted by Indonesian public companies, specifically after the regulation of Government Regulation No. 81 of 2007 concerning Reduction of Income Tax Rates for Domestic Corporate Taxpayers in the Form of Public Companies, and Minister of Financial Regulation No. 238 / PMK.03 / 2008 concerning Procedures for Implementing and Supervision of Granting Tariff Reductions for Domestic Corporate Taxpayers in the Form of Public Companies. More specifically, this study aims to analyze the impact of public share ownership on tax avoidance by Indonesian public companies. The samples of 320 observations that conducted (firm-years) during 2008-2011. The software that will be used in data analysis is STATA 12. The results showed that the increase in public ownership have a significant effect in improve the practice of corporate tax avoidance, which it is also evidenced by the significant differences in the corporate tax avoidance practices before than after the enactment of these regulations. The findings show that the greater the proportion of public share ownership would result the decreasing number of ETR or ETRC which can be indicated that the greater the practice of corporate tax avoidance. Furthermore, the ROA variable has a negative and significant effect on corporate tax avoidance practices, meaning that the greater the profitability ratio of a company can cause the reported and paid tax burden to decrease.

scholarly journals Life Satisfaction and Tax Morale in Azerbaijan: Mediating Role of Institutional Trust and Financial Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 12228
Author(s):  
Orkhan Nadirov ◽  
Khatai Aliyev ◽  
Bruce Dehning ◽  
Ilaha Sharifzada ◽  
Rafiga Aliyeva
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Financial Satisfaction ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Mediating Role

This paper examines the relationship between life satisfaction (measured as the self-reported satisfaction of each individual with their past life and goal achievements) and tax morale (measured as the likelihood of an individual’s intrinsic motivation to pay taxes). Using a large-scale survey dataset from Azerbaijan, it is documented that life satisfaction is positively associated with tax morale. Life satisfaction plays a significant role in increasing tax compliance practices. It is also important to note that there is a positive mediating effect of life satisfaction on tax morale through financial satisfaction and institutional trust. In line with our hypotheses, the results of a series of analyses remain robust to different models. These results imply that a higher level of life satisfaction may increase the proportion of individuals who report the highest tax morale in Azerbaijan. Our findings have policy implications for Azerbaijan and other governments aiming to alleviate high levels of tax evasion.

scholarly journals Is Incorporation the Solution to the Enigma of Corporate Tax Residency for International Tax Purposes?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Charles Edward Andrew Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vertical Equity ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
International Tax ◽  
And Control ◽  
Jobs Act ◽  
Central Management

Incorporation of a company for testing residency—if applied uniformly—is likely the best and most accurate way to reflect corporate residency for tax purposes. However, it does not always reflect economic reality. There is not a consensus on what the best approach is. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) countries overwhelmingly use three tests for residency: incorporation, central management and control, and domicile. Indeed, a court in the United States or other jurisdictions may often ask if tax-avoidance motives exist when incorporation occurs in one jurisdiction and central management and control occurs in another. This Article follows the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on many international tax provisions that caused a shift in thinking at both the U.S. level, and at the international level in terms of deciding what formulations would be the best way to ensure proper taxation while promoting horizontal and vertical equity. The genesis of this Article is a response and critique of an article on the same subject by the same author: Charles Edward Andrew Lincoln IV, Is Incorporation Really Better Than Central Management and Control for Testing Corporate Residency? An Answer to Corporate Tax Evasion and Inversion, 43 Ohio N.U. L. Rev. 359 (2017). The author now critiques the point of that article and comes to a different conclusion based on different criteria: specifically, new case law, Musgrave’s economic theory of accretion of wealth, and the importance of substance-over-form doctrines.

scholarly journals Literature Review of Antecedents of Corporate Tax Avoidance in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
Yuliana ◽  
Agus Munandar
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
The Public ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Positive Effect

Taxes are critical for the country's development because they generate revenue used to expand the Indonesian economy. The Corona Virus outbreak has shocked the public during the government's campaign to raise public awareness about the importance of paying taxes. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, the company continues to pay taxes and thus avoids spending taxes. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that may influence tax evasion by Indonesian manufacturing firms. This study employs qualitative research in conjunction with a literature review or a method of literature review. The researchers identified and analyzed 18 peer-reviewed journal articles over three years (2019-2021). According to the research findings, firm size, leverage, committee composition, and audit quality all have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance. Because researchers consider businesses to be taxpayers, it's natural that if the objective is to maximize profits, this tax avoidance action will become more aggressive during the pandemic.

Earnings Management, Corporate Governance and Tax Avoidance: The Case in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Lulus Kurniasih ◽  
Sulardi Sulardi ◽  
Sri Suranta
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Earnings Management ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Corporate Governance Mechanisms

Objective - This study aims to determine the effect of earning management and corporate governance mechanisms on corporate tax avoidance. Methodology/Technique - Corporate governance mechanisms use institutional ownership, the size of the board of commissioners, the percentage of independent commissioners, auditing committees, and audit quality as proxies. Meanwhile, earnings management uses the modified Jones model. The sample of this study include non-financial companies that are listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2014 and 2016. Findings - Corporate tax avoidance can be detected by using the effective tax rate (ETR), which is the ratio of income to tax expenses. This sample was chosen using a purposive sampling method, resulting in 871 firms. The results suggest that earnings management has a significant impact on ETR. Novelty - This study identifies that only independent commissioners and audit quality have a significant influence on ETR. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Tax Avoidance; Earnings Management; Corporate Governance; Effective Tax Rate; Audit Quality. JEL Classification: G3, G39, G39.

scholarly journals Does access to credit reduce SMEs’ tax avoidance? Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Kong ◽  
Deng-Kui Si ◽  
Haiyang Li ◽  
Dongmin Kong
Keyword(s):  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Regression Discontinuity ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Travel Costs

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of targeted reserve requirement ratio cuts (TRRRCs) on tax avoidance among small and micro enterprises (SMEs) with operating revenues below specific cutoffs in China. Using a regression discontinuity design, we causally show that, by increasing loan availability, TRRRCs significantly alleviate the financial constraints and cash dependence of SMEs and consequently reduce tax avoidance. This is especially the case among firms with lower market power and higher entertainment and travel costs. Our findings provide evidence for the real effect of TRRRCs on corporate tax avoidance and show the inclusive effect of TRRRCs on SMEs. In doing so, we indirectly reveal a rent-seeking channel underlying bank lending, thus offering clear policy implications for regulators.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document