Causal effects of corporate taxes on private firms' earnings management: a regression discontinuity analysis

PurposeThe authors emphasize the information role of earnings management and how it may be used to “mislead some stakeholders about the underlying economic performance of the company or to influence contractual outcomes that depend on reported accounting numbers.” Specifically, the authors examine the causal effect of tax incentives on private firms' earnings management based on a corporate tax reform in China.Design/methodology/approachIn December 2001, China implemented a tax collection reform which moved the collection of corporate income taxes from the local tax bureau to the state tax bureau. This reform results in exogenous variations in the effective tax rate among similar firms established before and after 2002. The authors apply a regression discontinuity design and use the generated variation in the effective tax rate to investigate the impact of taxes on firm earnings management.FindingsThe authors find that tax reduction substantially increases private firms' incentives to manage earnings information, and such effect is particularly pronounced when tax collection intensity and government interventions are low. Further evidence shows that lower tax rates stimulate firms' investment, inventory turnover and recruitment of skilled human capital. A plausible mechanism is that private firms signal a promising outlook by managing earnings to attain greater financing and improve investment/operation levels when financial constraints are removed.Originality/valueFirst, the authors present the causal effects of tax incentives on private firm's earnings management, which deepens the authors’ understanding on the determinants of firm's earnings information production. Second, this study also contributes to the literature on tax-induced earnings management. Third, the authors believe that this topic offers clear policy implications and would be of particular interest to regulators.

The Quality Effect of Auditing on Tax Compliance: Evidence from Tunisian Context

Taxation is the subject of complex and evolving regulations. it has become one of the major concerns of any business to better manage its finance, the responsible for corporate governance give an importance to the fiscal in the strategy and management of the company. In recent years, the importance of taxation in the financial and accounting environment is motivated to study the impact of control and transparency of infomation affected by audit quality. We study a sample of 19 companies between 2013 and 2017, the result shows that audit quality improves tax compliance in the Tunisian context while measuring tax evasion by the difference between the statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate. This study finds that tax evasion in Tunisian firms may have decreased with better audit quality.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PERENCANAAN PAJAK TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dan menganalisa pengaruh perencanaan pajak terhadap nilai perusahaan pada perusahaan pertanian yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Perencanaan Pajak dalam penelitian ini diukur dengan Effective Tax Rate (ETR) sebagai variabel independen dan Nilai Perusahaan diukur dengan Price Earning to Ratio (PER) sebagai variabel dependen. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 15 perusahaan pertanian yang terdaftar Bursa Efek Indonesia periode tahun 2015-2019.Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan software statistik 20. Berdasarkan pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini hasil temuan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pengujian yang telah dilakukan ini menunjukkan bahwa H1 diterima dan H0 ditolak artinya perencanaan pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan nilai t-hitung 2,022 sedangkan t-tabel 1,993, t-hitung > dari t-tabel dengan tingkat signifikasi 0,047 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa variabel perencanaan pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan.

Pengaruh Fixed Asset Intensity, Karakter Eksekutif, dan Leverage terhadap Penghindaran Pajak

This study aims to examine whether the intensity of fixed asset, executive character, and leverage have an effect on tax avoidance. Tax avoidance is an activity to avoid paying taxes legally in accordance with the provisions of the legislation carried out by the company in order to be able to pay the minimum tax possible to the state treasury. Population in this study were manufacture companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2017 to 2020. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained 54 companies, so that the total sample obtained for 4 years was 216 research samples. This study used quantitative method and the analysis by data panel regression. Tax avoidance proxy by cash effective tax rate (CETR) which is cash paid in cash for pay taxes. Partially shows that the intensity of fixed assets has no effect on tax avoidance, executive character has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, and leverage has no effect on tax avoidance. While the results of this study indicate that the intensity of fixed assets, executive character, and leverage simultaneously have a significant effect on tax avoidance with the value of Prob (F-statistic) 0.000000. Result of Adjusted R-square shows of fixed Asset intensity, executive character, and leverage have a significant effect on tax avoidance is 0.3343 or 33.43%.

Pengaruh Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, Kepemilikan Keluarga, dan Tata Kelola Perusahaan Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak

Perpajakan adalah hal penting yang dapat menambah pendapatan negara tetapi mengurangi pendapatan perusahaan atau pajak. Oleh karena itu, penghindaran pajak dilakukan oleh manajemen perusahaan untuk memaksimalkan pendapatan perusahaan mereka. Penelitian ini dilakukan atas dasar untuk memeriksa efek dari pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, kepemilikan keluarga, dan tata kelola perusahaan pada penghindaran pajak. Rasio penghindaran pajak perusahaan dalam penelitian ini diproksi dengan Effective Tax Rate (ETR) dengan membagi jumlah beban pajak dengan pendapatan sebelum pajak. Pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan di proksi dengan indeks GRI dengan jumlah indikator 91 item pengungkapan, kepemilikan keluarga diproksi dengan persentase atas kepemilikan keluarga dalam satu perusahaan dan tata kelola perusahaan diproksi dengan indikator GG sebesar 15 item. 136 perusahaan di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2016-2020 dipilih sebagai sampel penelitian memakai teknik purposive sampling. data yang digunakan dalam analisis ini adalah data panel yang diproses menggunakan SPSS dan Eviews. SPSS digunakan untuk mendeteksi data outlier yang kemudian akan diregresi menggunakan Eviews. Hasil uji menunjukkan kepemilikan keluarga dan pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan memiliki efek signifikan dan positif pada penghindaran pajak sementara variabel tata kelola perusahaan tidak punya efek pada penghindaran pajak. Kata kunci: Tata Kelola Perusahaan, Pengungkapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, Kepemilikan Keluarga, Penghindaran Pajak

Retired Government Officials On The Board Of Commissioners And Tax Aggressiveness In Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of retired government officials on board of commissioners on corporate tax aggressiveness. The presence of retired government officials on board of commissioners is assessed by categorizing companies into three groups: the company without any retired government officials on board of commissioners, the c[1]ompany with one retired government official on board of commissioners, and the company with more than one retired government officials on board of commissioners. Corporate tax aggressiveness is measured using effective tax rate (ETR). The analysis is conducted on 441 observation data generated using purposive sampling for all the listed company on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period of 2014 to 2016. The results reveal that relative to there being one retired government official on the board of commissioners, greater than one retired government official presence on the board of commisioners does not reduces corporate tax aggressiveness

Efek Moderasi Pelaporan Berkerlanjutan dalam Pengaruh Praktik Penghindaran Pajak Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan

Researches on tax avoidance practices and firm value are still inconclusive. Therefore, this study examined whether sustainability reporting moderates the effects of tax avoidance on firm value. Tax avoidance is measured by pull effective tax rates (PETR) and cash effective tax rate (CETR). PETR is a measurement of the value of income that is taxed, while CETR is a measurement of taxes that are actually paid. The study used secondary data taken from companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. Hypotheses testing using panel regression method. Based on the examination of 1,374 observations, it was found that only 12.7% of the sample prepared sustainability report. It shows that sustainability reporting is still not mandatory for many public companies in Indonesia. According to the hypotheses test, tax avoidance (PETR or CETR) does not affect firm value. Sustainability reporting has a negative moderating effect but not significantly. On the other hand, firm value is significantly influenced by several control variables, including size, profitability, leverage, and age of the firm. These findings complement the literature on the role of sustainability reporting publications in determining firm value in relation to tax avoidance practices. Furthermore, this study is expected to increase the motivation of Indonesian listed companies to produce sustainability reports.

THE EFFECT OF LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL INTENSITY, AND INVENTORY INTENSITY ON TAX AVOIDANCE

This study aims to examine the effect of liquidity, capital intensity, and inventory intensity on tax avoidance with leverage and profitability as control variables. Tax avoidance was measured by Effective Tax Rate (ETR), liquidity was measured by current ratio, capital intensity was measured by capital intensity ratio, inventory intensity was measured by inventory intensity ratio, leverage was measured by Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and profitability was measured by Return on Assets (ROA). The population in this study are all manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2017-2019. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling method and obtained as many as 106 data samples. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression.

Depreciation Capital as a Source of Financing of Mining Companies Activities

The issue discussed in the paper is highly relevant and topical in economic practice because of changes in the recognition of certain assets and their depreciation. The author’s research established that depreciation write-off in financial terms constitute capital comprising two components: depreciation and the tax shield effect. The non-tax shield is more important relative to other tax shields because the vast majority of entities in the raw materials industry own assets which are depreciated for the purposes of balance sheet accounting and tax accounting. As a cost depreciation, on the one hand, reduces the financial result and on the other, generates additional operating cash flows. Depreciable assets account for a large portion of coal companies’ assets. In addition, due to the implementation of IFRS 16 on leasing their share increased as did the amount of depreciation. Hence, its share in operating cash flows in Polish coal companies is slightly higher than in global companies. An overwhelming part of the additional depreciation arising from the inclusion in the assets reported in the balance sheet of assets used based on contracts of lease, lending or rental does not reduce the tax basis and does not constitute a tax shield. Consequently, it creates a disparity between the gross profit/loss and taxable income, thereby increasing the effective tax rate. An increase in the depreciation level in coal companies facilitates maintenance of liquidity and provides financing for investment projects and improves debt servicing, especially in times of declining financial result when coal prices are low.

The Examination of Trade Off Theory and Pecking Order Theory to Capital Structure on Plantation Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange

Plantation is a promising sector, but just like other firms, this sector will also face the financing problem. Capital structure determines the cost of capital and the risk assumed by the firm. Trade-off and Pecking order theory are the most common theory used to determine the capital structure. The objective of this research is to examine plantation companies tend to use trade-off theory or pecking order theory in determining the capital structure decision. This research used multiple linear regression analysis methods with capital structure as the dependent variable, and the asset structure, firm size, company growth, institutional ownership, effective tax rate, and non-debt tax shield as the independent variables.This is a quantitative research that uses secondary data from financial statements of plantation companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2014 to 2019. The sample was determined by using the purposive sampling technique and 5 out of 21 companies fulfill the sampling requirements. This study conducted observations for 6 years with a total of 30 research samples. The results of this research are both trade-off and pecking order theory are used and still relevant in the capital structure determination. Trade-off theory exerts more influence on capital structure decisions than pecking order theory. This is confirmed by the partial T-test where firm size, institutional ownership, effective tax rate, and non-debt tax shields suggest the use of trade-off theory, only asset structure indicates the tendency of pecking order theory.