Masculinity and Men's Mental Health

A dialogue on mental health in males is seldom encountered in the popular discourse. The negligible instances which do find its mention are usually responses to, or supplementary statements to women’s issues or the general feminist discourse. The casually and liberally used ‘toxic masculinity’ is frequently laden with connotations of blame, which imply a sense of absolute agency of the concerned individuals with regard to the expression of their masculine gender identity. This research paper has been undertaken as an attempt to seek an honest, critical and objective view of the various factors influencing the mental health of males, wherein masculinity is assumed to be encompassing all such factors. In order to provide the essential context, the paper begins defining the concept of ‘masculinity’ as it is understood in the psychological discourse, followed by an inspection of the various psychological theories and constructions of ‘masculinity’ along with a brief discussion of its scales. Theoretical perspectives have then been combined with statistics to highlight the need and relevance for any research or dialogue thereof in these fields. This is followed by an investigation of the impact of Traditional Masculinity Ideology (TMI) on the overall well-being of men and on mental health in particular. Thereafter, the relation of TMI and various mental disorders in males has been examined. Furthermore, research has been provided to shed light on the incidence and helplessness of male victims of interpersonal trauma and systemic failures thereof. The newly emerging theoretical framework of Positive Psychology/Positive Masculinity (PPPM) Model has been discussed along with an exploration of its implications and its scope. The primary research undertaken within this paper has been presented which has been divided into 4 sections. Firstly, a rudimentary analysis has been conducted to test the validity and relevance of the Brannon Masculinity Scale (BMS). Thereafter, the relation of masculinity ratings with mental Health and help-seeking behaviours has been explored. The third section involves the introduction of a construct by the author, referred to as the Emotionally Active factor; its relation with mental Health and help-seeking behaviours has been analyzed. The relevance of the Emotionally Active factor has been highlighted, followed by a discussion on its implication and scope.

The Role of Shiite Clergy in the Constitutional Movement at the Initial Stage of the First Iranian Revolu-tion of 1905–1911

The article highlights the history of the development of the Constitutional Movement in Iran in 1905-1906, i.e. in the first period of the Iranian Revolution of 1905–1911, and the participa-tion of the Shiite clergy in it. Shiite clergy, dissatisfied with the attempt of the Shah and his entou-rage to weaken their rights in the area of legal proceedings, as well as with the government's policy aimed at “Europeanizing” Iran, took an active part in the protest movement. The article reflects the period of the emergence of secret revolutionary societies in the country, created by representatives of advanced bourgeois intelligentsia of Iran. The leaders of Shiite clergy joined them, and later began to create and lead such societies themselves. The author focuses on the role and influence of Shiite clergy in the revolutionary activities of various secret societies, such as “Enjomene Mahfi”, which included the main leaders of Shiite clergy of Tehran: Ayatollah Sayyid Abdollah Behbehani and Said Mohammed Tabatabai, politician M. Kermani and others. These organizations carried out a great deal of work among the believers: they published political leaflets, appeals to the Iranian people, called on the people to speak out against the Shah's tyranny and European penetration. The revolu-tion showed the potential of Shiite clergy as an active factor in the socio-political history of Iran.

Comparison of Intravenous Enoxaparin with Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Preventing Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit

Background: The use of subcutaneous enoxaparin is a usual method for preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but adequate absorption of the drug is not reliable due to the illness intensity, existing edema and hypoperfusion in these patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intravenous enoxaparin with subcutaneous enoxaparin to prevent VTE in ICU patients. Methods: The current double-blind Randomized clinical trial was performed on 64 patients admitted to the ICU at Khatam- Al- Anbia Hospital in Zahedan, southeast of Iran. The patients were randomly assigned into each of the subcutaneous enoxaparin and the intravenous enoxaparin groups. The blood sampling was performed aseptically and then active factor Xa level was measured. Next, the intervention group received 0.5 mg/kg of intravenous enoxaparin for 10 days and the control group was injected subcutaneously the same dosage of drug. Four hours after the first injection and 12 hours after the last injection on the tenth day, the factor Xa level and the frequency of VTE incidence was measured again. Results: In all three measurement times, the active factor Xa level in the intravenous enoxaparin group was lower than that of the subcutaneous group, but no significant difference was observed between the two groups and different times (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of intravenous enoxaparin is an effective way to prevent the VTE development in the ICU patients.