Why collaboration reduces suggestibility: The role of source-monitoring processes and retrieval strategies

Previous research found that collaboration reduces the tendency to yield to misleading questions. Here, the aim was to determine whether this occurs because collaboration induces a conservative change in response criterion or because it promotes more efficient error-checking strategies. To this purpose, we compared the performance of collaborative and nominal triads in the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Critically, we recorded conversations during retrieval, allowing us to compute inclusive scores and analyze retrieval strategies. Confirming previous evidence, results showed that collaborative groups yielded less to leading questions; however, the differences between collaborative and nominal groups in yield 1 were canceled when we took into account questions to which at least one participant in the collaborative group gave in but was corrected by collaborators during the discussion (the so-called inclusive scores). This was not the case for yield 2 and total suggestibility scores. Also, the analysis of retrieval strategies indicated that collaborative groups who used process-focused strategies (such as correction and cross-cueing) to a greater extent were less likely to change their responses after receiving the negative feedback and were less suggestible. We conclude that, while the use of error-checking and process-focused strategies played a role in reducing suggestibility in collaborative groups, the administration of negative feedback induced members of collaborative groups to adopt a more conservative response criterion. These results contribute to the understanding of the conditions that maximize the positive effects of collaborative retrieval. They have implications for policymakers and police practitioners, specifying when and how collaboration might be allowed.

DIAGNOSTIC TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR THE BASIS OF REMEDIAL LEARNING

his research is a type of development research that is focused on developing a diagnostic test instrument to see students' conceptions. The research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Watampoen in class X. This research regulates the stage of developing an instrument consisting of 6 steps: (1) determining the specifications of the instrument, (2) determining the domain of the instrument, (3) determining whether the format is open-ended or closed ones to be used, (4) determining the test / instrument format, (5) determining whether the instrument is used for groups or individuals, (6) determining the length of the instrument. From this study, one third of the diagnostic tests were obtained which consisted of testing, examination format, and error checking. Giving remedials to students should not be done just like that without taking into account the knowledge that students have. By using a diagnostic test, students' understanding can be identified including what material they do not understand. This can be used as a reference for providing improvements to students

DIAGNOSTIC TEST INSTRUMENTS FOR THE BASIS OF REMEDIAL LEARNING

his research is a type of development research that is focused on developing a diagnostic test instrument to see students' conceptions. The research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Watampoen in class X. This research regulates the stage of developing an instrument consisting of 6 steps: (1) determining the specifications of the instrument, (2) determining the domain of the instrument, (3) determining whether the format is open-ended or closed ones to be used, (4) determining the test / instrument format, (5) determining whether the instrument is used for groups or individuals, (6) determining the length of the instrument. From this study, one third of the diagnostic tests were obtained which consisted of testing, examination format, and error checking. Giving remedials to students should not be done just like that without taking into account the knowledge that students have. By using a diagnostic test, students' understanding can be identified including what material they do not understand. This can be used as a reference for providing improvements to students

Analysis on types of spelling errors in true Tibetan characters

Spelling error checking is a challenging research topic with a wide range of applications such as text editing, word processing, spell checking, teaching, etc. As an alphabetic language, spelling errors in Tibetan could be categorized into three types, namely, non-true type, true type, and punctuation misuse. In order to study true Tibetan syllable spelling error in much more depth, the article analyses the types of Tr u e Tibetan syllable spelling errors based on Tibetan word formation rules, grammar and semantic features laying a foundation for Tibetan spelling error checking research.