POWERS FOR LIQUIDATION IN CASE OF TERMINATION OF SOLE OWNED LTD. IN CASE OF DEATH OF THE SOLE OWNER OF THE CAPITAL

The report analyzes the provisions of Art. 157, paragraf 1 CA and art. 155, item 3 of the CA, in order to establish the persons who have the authority to declare the termination of the company in the Commercial Register and to carry out a procedure for liquidation of the company.

DESAIN PENGEMBANGAN EKONOMI RUMAH TANGGA NELAYAN KABUPATEN ROKAN HILIR YANG BERKELANJUTAN DAN BERBASIS KEUNGGULAN LOKAL

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Rokan Hilir pada bulan Maret-September 2020. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Menganalisis kondisi eksisting dan potensi sumberdaya ikan ekonomis Kabupaten Rokan Hilir; (2) Menganalisis peran kelembagaan dan stakeholder kunci pengembangan perikanan Kabupaten Rokan Hilir; dan (3) Mengevaluasi keberlanjutan Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal Daerah (PELD) Kabupaten Rokan Hilir. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis bioekonomi, analisis kelembagaan, analisis MDS (multidimensional scaling) dan analisis prospektif. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa (1) secara umum kondisi dan potensi perikanan berdasarkan analisis bioekonomi dari ketiga produk sumberdaya perikanan tangkap (udang, ikan biang, senangin), pemanfaatan sumberdaya perikanan di Kabupaten Rokan Hilir khususnya udang masih berada di bawah titik optimalnya dan merupakan salah satu produk unggulan, pengelolaan yang optimal adalah menggunakan rezim pengelolaan MEY atau Sole Owner. (2) Stakeholder primer adalah Pemerintah Daerah (Dinas Terkait), Lembaga Keuangan Mikro/Bank, Pemilik Usaha Lokal, Investor/Pengusaha Luar. (3) Status keberlanjutan pengembangan ekonomi rumah tangga nelayan yang berkelanjutan dan berbasis keunggulan lokal saat ini secara multidimensi termasuk kategori cukup berkelanjutan. Sementara itu, hasil analisis multidimensi menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Rokan Hilir cukup berkelanjutan (54,45). Desain pengembangan ekonomi rumah tangga nelayan yang berkelanjutan dan berbasis keunggulan lokal yaitu ditemukan faktor-faktor dominan yang berpengaruh yaitu P = f (e, t, l, r, s, n, y).

7. The sole owner of land

This chapter discusses what it means to be the ‘owner’ of a property. In registered land, whoever is entered into the proprietorship register as the registered proprietor of the property is deemed to have the authority to deal with the land as an owner. The chapter discusses three alternative scenarios when the land register shows a sole registered proprietor; the first is that the registered proprietor is the sole legal and equitable owner of the land; the second is that the registered proprietor is the sole legal owner, holding the equitable title on trust for someone else; the third is that the registered proprietor is the sole legal owner, holding the equitable title on trust for him- or herself and (an)other equitable owner(s). The chapter considers the potential dangers for equitable owners and purchasers, and explains the law that has been put in place to protect them.

Property Out of Conflict: A Survey and Some New Results

Property rights often emerge from adversarial interactions in which agents make claims and defend them from the appropriation efforts of others. In this paper, we first offer a survey of the theoretical literature on this issue. We systematize the existing models by classifying them into two families and show that they can explain the emergence of classic types or property rights. We then explore a new model where agents can become the sole owner of a commonly owned production resource through an exclusion contest. We show that if overexploitation under joint property is severe enough relative to the returns to scale of conflict activities, private property emerges out of conflict. Inequality makes common ownership less likely to emerge. Finally, we characterize the set of common ownership regimes which are Pareto efficient and immune to conflict. Results show that proportionality to labour inputs in output sharing makes common ownership more resilient to conflict when inequality is higher.

FROM “COMMUNAL” DACHA TO DACHA-COUNTRY ESTATE. TO THE HISTORY OF KOROLENCO’S DACHA IN DZHANKHOT

The paper, basing on the correspondence (partially unpublished) between V. G. Korolenco, his relatives and friends, is to present the reconstruction of history of the house which the writer planned to build as a summer dacha, in cooperation with some of his associates from Nizhny Novgorod, in Dzhankhot near Gelendzhic. According to Korolenco’s project the house was erected in Dzhankhot as a dacha, but the construction was supervised by his brother, I. G. Korolenco, who later converted the dacha, initially designed for temporary stay, into a place of his own constant dwelling, a country estate, where he, as a sole owner and master, lived until his death in 1915. From the 1950-s onwards the country estate was being gradually transformed into Korolenco`s museum, which was opened in 1964. The choice of Dzhankhot as a site for a summer house was motivated by Korolenco’s acquaintance with F. A. Tscherbina, the first “dachnik” in khutor Dzhankhot since 1870, who had also organized one of the first workers’ artels, as well as one of the first agricultural associations, and later became a renowned expert in the history of agricultural communities in Russia. Korolenco first visited Tscherbina in Dzhankhot on July 6–7 in 1898 when he came to the agricultural colony Krinitsa founded by V. V. Yeropkin in 1886. Thus, the idea of a “communal” dacha came to be a reflex of the agricultural communities created by narodniks, N. G. Tchernishevsky’s followers. Korolenco witnessed tragic mistakes made by the communes’ founders, at the same time thinking that his own idea was quite reasonable. The plan of the “communal” dacha, however, was not realized. Dzhankhot became a country estate of Illarion Korolenco, remaining one of Vladimir Korolenco`s summer dachas.

INFLUENCE OF INVESTING IN TREATING A POLLUTED ENVIRONMENT ON THE HARVEST: A PROBLEM OF OPTIMAL ALLOCATION

This study is concerned with harvesting a renewable resource that is surviving in a polluted environment. Fall in the revenue from the resource due to presence of pollution in the environment drives the sole owner to allocate a part of the available effort towards treating the environment and the interest is to find the optimal allocation of the available effort towards harvesting the resource and treating the environment so that the revenue is maximized. Resource-pollution dynamics are studied, maximum sustainable yield and maximum sustainable revenue have been evaluated. Further, an optimal allocation problem has been formulated on infinite horizon and optimal solutions are obtained. Key results of the study are demonstrated through numerical illustrations.

CIR v Niko: A question of economic reality

This article analyses the facts and judgment in CIR v Niko, involving the transfer of business assets from a sole trader to a company, the shares of which were substantially owned by the same sole trader. This case changed the inherently flawed, but prevailing practice at that stage of regarding a lump-sum payment from a lock-stock-and-barrel sale of a business as a receipt of a capital nature, to a receipt that needed to be allocated to the various assets included in the sale, and therefore potentially the receipt would be partly of a capital and partly of a revenue nature. Although the conclusion relating to lock-stock-and-barrel sales in general was sound, the submission made in this article is that, in the particular circumstances of the case, the economic reality of the transaction was not considered – virtually no economic gain was realised by J. Niko, the seller and sole owner of the business to a company of which he was also the substantial shareholder. Two subsequent court decisions, which similarly ignored the economic reality of the transactions in the context of a group of companies, followed this judgment. In this article, the problematic nature of the decisions that ignored the economic reality of the transactions is demonstrated with reference to accepted canons of a good taxation system. The article also explains the partial legislative relief that has subsequently been granted for transfers of assets from a person to a company and for transfers within a group of companies, but concludes that there is a need for full recognition of a group of companies as an economic entity for tax purposes.

OPTIMASI PEMANFAATAN SUMBERDAYA PERIKANAN TANGKAP DI PERAIRAN KABUPATEN SAMBAS

Wilayah Perairan Kabupaten Sambas merupakan bagian dari wilayah WPP Laut Cina Selatan.Terletak di bagian Utara Provinsi Kalimantan Barat dan merupakan pintu gerbang wilayah Perairan Laut Cina Selatan yang berbatasan dengan Perairan Negara Malaysia, Thailand dan Vietnam.Posisi ini memiliki implikasi positif dan negatif.Implikasi positif, yaitu memiliki akses pasar yang sangat luas bagi pemasaran produksi hasil perikanan, sedangkan implikasi negatifnya sebagai daerah penangkapan ikan yang rawan terhadap pencurian ikan tidak dapat terelakkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah Menganalisis tingkat produksi, upaya dan rente ekonomi optimal dari sumberdaya perikanan di Perairan Kabupaten Sambas.Penelitiandilakukandengan metode surveidan digunakanpurposive sampling.Analisis datadigunakananalisisbio-ekonomi dengan model CYP, WH,SchnutedanAlgoritmaFox. Berdasarkan kondisi dilapangan dimana tingkat keuntungan atau rente aktual sebesar Rp 37.678,53 juta per tahun lebih kecil dari nilai rente optimal sebesar Rp 107.074,11 juta pada kondisi pengelolaan sole owner atau maximum economic yield (MEY) dan sebesar Rp 107.073,95 juta per tahun pada kondisi pengelolaan maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Sedangkan pada sumberdaya ikan demersal keuntungan atau rente aktual sebesar Rp16.662,28 juta per tahun, yang lebih kecil dari rente optimalnya sebesar Rp 16.969,94 juta per tahun.Menurunya jumlah produksi hasil tangkap dan tingkat effort yang semakin tinggi, biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk melakukan aktivitas penangkapan sumberdaya ikan pelagis besar, ikan pelagis kecil dan sumberdaya ikan demersal tidak sebanding dengan hasil yang diperoleh. Kata Kunci : pemanfaatan, perikanan tangkap, Kabupaten Sambas