Predictions of NOx and CO emissions from a low-emission concentric staged combustor for civil aeroengines

This study is aimed to establish a detailed chemical reactor network model based on the analysis of complex reaction flowfield structures in aeroengine combustors, so that the emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide from advanced civil aeroengines can be predicted quickly and accurately. In this study, a low-emission concentric staged combustor with three axial swirlers is designed for civil aeroengines, and numerical simulations of the three-dimensional reaction flowfields of the combustor during four load phases of takeoff, climb, approach, and idle, are conducted. Based on the numerical results, a simple chemical reactor network model with seven perfectly stirred reactors and a detailed chemical reactor network model using up to 15 perfectly stirred reactors are established. Using the developed chemical reactor network models and the detailed JP10 chemical reaction mechanism—composed of 374 step elementary reactions and 82 species, the emission variations of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide are predicted and compared with those estimated using an empirical formula and with the numerical results as a function of the combustion load. Using a combined chemical reactor network–computational fluid dynamics analysis method, the variations of the formation path, the mechanism, and the amounts of nitrogen oxides in the combustor and in the perfectly stirred reactors, are analyzed as a function of the combustion load. In addition, the effects of fuel and air pilot-to-total ratio on nitrogen oxides emissions for the 100% load condition are also analyzed. It is found that at high loads, the production rate of the thermal NO is the highest, while at low loads, the production rate of the prompt NO is the highest. The nitrogen oxide is mainly produced in the pilot zone and the recirculation zone, while its production in the outer main stage zone is low. The results show that the NOx emissions predicted by the complex chemical reactor network model are most consistent with those elicited using the empirical formula.

Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of multiphase mass transfer process for industrial applications in China

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the remarkable achievements by Chinese scientists and engineers who have contributed to the multiscale process design, with emphasis on the transport mechanisms in stirred reactors, extractors, and rectification columns. After a brief review of the classical theory of transport phenomena, this paper summarizes the domestic developments regarding the relevant experiments and numerical techniques for the interphase mass transfer on the drop/bubble scale and the micromixing in the single-phase or multiphase stirred tanks in China. To improve the design and scale-up of liquid-liquid extraction columns, new measurement techniques with the combination of both particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics have been developed and advanced modeling methods have been used to determine the axial mixing and mass transfer performance in extraction columns. Detailed investigations on the mass transfer process in distillation columns are also summarized. The numerical and experimental approaches modeling transport phenomena at the vicinity of the vapor-liquid interface, the point efficiency for trays/packings regarding the mixing behavior of fluids, and the computational mass transfer approach for the simulation of distillation columns are thoroughly analyzed. Recent industrial applications of mathematical models, numerical simulation, and experimental methods for the design and analysis of multiphase stirred reactors/crystallizers, extractors, and distillation columns are seen to garnish economic benefits. The current problems and future prospects are pinpointed at last.