Why do Logging Firms Reject Environmental Labeling in Central Africa? A Case Study of Forest Certification in Cameroon

This article aims to understand why extractive firms in the industrial logging industry in central Africa are reluctant to certify or label their activities. The methodology is based on three empirical case studies of logging companies in Cameroon: one opposed to certification and labeling (the model), the other is in the process of being certified (intermediate case) and the last is certified (negative case). The preferred option followed by this study was to avoid the copying of the first case by prospecting an intermediate case. The "negative" case permitted the model to be saturated. The comparative analysis of data collected highlighted some key obstacles to the commitment to environmental labeling: corruption, low turnover, high certification cost and the source of capital.

Hit Or Miss: What One Hit Wonders Show About The Production And Consumption Of Cultural Products

We analyze One Hit Wonders on the Billboard Hot 100 from perspective of both cultural production and optimal differentiation to try and understand how One Hit Wonders emerge. One Hit Wonders as a category do not cleanly fit into either the cultural production or optimal differentiation framework, and as in intermediate case illustrates the interplay between both consumer taste and institutional power in markets for cultural products.

Fluoreno[2,1-a]fluorene: an ortho-naphthoquinodimethane-based system with partial diradical character

An ortho-naphtho diradical! Quinoidal forms in para- and meta-patterns lie at the extremes for closed-shell and diradical forms in fluorenofluorenes, respectively. ortho-Conjugation gives an intermediate case with partial diradical character.

Cournot-Bayesian General Equilibrium: A Radon Measure Approach

In this paper, we consider a Cournot duopoly, in which any firm does not know the marginal costs of production of the other player, as a Bayesian game. In our game, the marginal costs depend on two infinite continuous sets of states of the world. We shall study, before the general case, an intermediate case in which only one player, the second one, shows infinitely many types. Then, we shall generalize to the case in which both players show infinitely many types depending on the marginal costs, where the marginal costs are given by the nature and each actual marginal cost is known only by the respective player. We find, in both cases, the general Nash equilibrium.

Electron scattering in large water clusters from photoelectron imaging with high harmonic radiation

The scattering of low kinetic energy electrons in large water clusters can be treated as an intermediate case between gas and condensed phase scattering.

The Extrema of an Action Principle for Dissipative Mechanical Systems

A least action principle for damping motion has been previously proposed with a Hamiltonian and a Lagrangian containing the energy dissipated by friction. Due to the space-time nonlocality of the Lagrangian, mathematical uncertainties persist about the appropriate variational calculus and the nature (maxima, minima, and inflection) of the stationary action. The aim of this work is to make a numerical simulation of the damped motion and to compare the actions of different paths in order to obtain evidence of the existence and the nature of stationary action. The model is a small particle subject to conservative and friction forces. Two conservative forces and three friction forces are considered. The comparison of the actions of the perturbed paths with that of the Newtonian path reveals the existence of extrema of action which are minima for zero or very weak friction and shift to maxima when the motion is overdamped. In the intermediate case, the action of the Newtonian path is neither least nor most, meaning that the extreme feature of the Newtonian path is lost. In this situation, however, no reliable evidence of stationary action can be found from the simulation result.