Introduction

Not only has diaspora been one of the key realities of the long history of the Jews, but it also has dominated historical thinking about that phenomenon. Historians have divided over the origins of the Jewish diaspora, debating how much it reflected the negative forces of expulsion and persecution or how much new opportunities in places more conducive to their security and prosperity opened up to them. Historians have also debated the impact of diaspora as either a source of strength and creativity as opposed to a clearly negative side effect of the lack of territorial sovereignty. Either way, the history of the Jews cannot and has not been told without an understanding of the centrality of diaspora.

Entrepreneurial Change in Social Responsibility

It is well known that social responsibility is a major driver of a firm’s image, it could take it south if the term “social responsibility” is totally neglected by the firm. Overwhelming in that term could also have a negative side effect specially if the thing the firm contributing in wasn’t something tangible to a specific segment of the community with demographics of pride and dignity. Upon our extended abstract, we demonstrated our project that we intend to implement a variety of departments that each has a task to perform.

Multicolored Blindfolds

Past studies have found that multicultural approaches to diversity can reduce prejudice and stimulate positive intergroup relations. The current research explored a possible negative side effect of multiculturalism: whether organizational diversity structures geared toward multiculturalism can conceal racial discrimination and delegitimize racial discrimination claims. Three studies found that, even when objective information was indicative of discrimination, both Whites and racial minorities perceived organizations which had diversity policies emphasizing multiculturalism as more fair toward minorities. This perception of (false) fairness led individuals to perceive less racial discrimination and to view claims of racial discrimination against that organization as less legitimate. Furthermore, we found that organizational multiculturalism and externally granted diversity awards both produced a (false) fairness effect. The results suggest an irony of multicultural diversity structures: They can create a false fairness effect that conceals and delegitimizes discrimination.

‘Fire hardening’ spear wood does slightly harden it, but makes it much weaker and more brittle

It is usually assumed that ‘fire hardening’ the tips of spears, as practised by hunter–gatherers and early Homo spp., makes them harder and better suited for hunting. This suggestion was tested by subjecting coppiced poles of hazel to a fire-hardening process and comparing their mechanical properties to those of naturally seasoned poles. A Shore D hardness test showed that fire treatment slightly increased the hardness of the wood, but flexural and impact tests showed that it reduced the strength and work of fracture by 30% and 36%, respectively. These results suggest that though potentially slightly sharper and more durable, fire-hardened tips would actually be more likely to break off when used, as may have been the case with the earliest known wooden tool, the Clacton spear. Fire might first have been used to help sharpen the tips of spears, and fire-hardening would have been a mostly negative side effect, not its primary purpose.

Study on the Performance of a Novel Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures (SHSRA) of Concrete

A novel Shrinkage reducing admixture (SHSRA) has been developed. Several tests including the workability , drying shrinkage，the hydration heat and strength tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of SHSRA on the performance of the concrete specimens. The results showed that the presence of SHSRA induced a significant reduction in dry shrinkage by up to 40% after 28 days. The SHSRA could cause decreases in both hydration rate and heat release of hydration of cementing materials which can attribute to reducing the risk of cracking. Besides, no negative side effect on the concrete workability and the later strength has been observed with the addition of the SHSRA.