Moisture Source Tagging Confirming the Polar Amplification Effect in Amplifying the Temperature-δ18O Temporal Slope Since the LGM

Stable water isotopologues in paleoclimate archives ( δ 18 O ) have been widely used as an indicator to derive past climate variations. The modern observed spatial δ 18 O -temperature relation in the middle and high latitudes has been used to infer the paleotemperatures changes from ice core data. However, various studies have shown that the spatial slope is larger than the temporal slope at the drill site by a factor of 2. Physically, the different spatial and temporal slope has been suggested to result from the amplified local surface air temperature cooling in the polar region at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), according to the slope ratio equation derived in our previous study. To explicitly confirm the “polar amplification” effect in understanding the differences between temporal and spatial isotope–temperature relations, here we use the same isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model with a moisture-tracing module embedded to quantitatively estimate the contributions of different sources to the precipitated heavy oxygen isotopes in the middle and high latitudes. Our results show that the major sources of δ 18 O in precipitation over middle and high latitudes are from oceans where the sea surface temperature cooling at Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is less than −2 ° C , while the local moisture sources with a higher cooling can be also relevant for polar regions, such as north Greenland. Additionally, the neglect of the strengthened local inversion layer strength at LGM could be the main cause for the overestimated source temperature cooling by the slope ratio equation, especially for the polar regions in the Northern Hemisphere.

Combination of time dilation and gravitational time dilation

In compliance with the principle of relativity, a time dilation equation expressed as an energy ratio is used to combine time dilation due to motion and due to gravitational attraction. To show the correlation with the time dilation equations, the Lorentz factor and the gravitational time dilation equations are derived from the equation. The equivalence between the time dilation due to motion and due to gravitational attraction emerges and a combination of both is made possible using the energy ratio equation.

Geometric description of a discrete power function associated with the sixth Painlevé equation

In this paper, we consider the discrete power function associated with the sixth Painlevé equation. This function is a special solution of the so-called cross-ratio equation with a similarity constraint. We show in this paper that this system is embedded in a cubic lattice with W ~ ( 3 A 1 ( 1 ) ) symmetry. By constructing the action of W ~ ( 3 A 1 ( 1 ) ) as a subgroup of W ~ ( D 4 ( 1 ) ) , i.e. the symmetry group of P VI , we show how to relate W ~ ( D 4 ( 1 ) ) to the symmetry group of the lattice. Moreover, by using translations in W ~ ( 3 A 1 ( 1 ) ) , we explain the odd–even structure appearing in previously known explicit formulae in terms of the τ function.

Development and validation of analytical methods for the simultaneous estimation of Nimorazole and Ofloxacin in tablet dosage form

<p>Two simple, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous estimation of Nimorazole and Ofloxacin from tablet dosage form. Method І involves formation of ‘simultaneous equations’ at 304 nm (λ max of Nimorazole) and 287.5 nm (λ max of Ofloxacin); while Method ІІ involves, formation of ‘Absorbance ratio equation’ at 301(isoabsorptive point) and 287.5 nm (λ max of Ofloxacin) using distilled water as a solvent. The linearity was observed in the concentration range of 5 - 25 μg/ml for Nimorazole and 2 - 10 μg/ml for Ofloxacin. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies and were found satisfactory.</p>

Estimating the Bowen Ratio for Application in Air Quality Models by Integrating a Simplified Analytical Expression with Measurement Data

In air quality models, daytime sensible and latent heat fluxes are important factors that influence atmospheric stability. These heat fluxes originate from heat that is generated from solar radiation and is then released from the earth’s surface. Different climates and surface conditions may lead to varying heat flux distributions. Because latent heat flux is influenced by both solar radiation and plant evapotranspiration, it is often difficult to estimate. The objective of this study was to apply thermodynamic concepts to determine an equation that could be used to estimate the Bowen ratio in the absence of latent and sensible heat fluxes. This study showed that, using two meteorological parameters (i.e., absolute temperature and relative humidity), the Bowen ratio for the climate in Taiwan could be obtained and then used to estimate sensible and latent heat fluxes in a series of equations. Furthermore, the approach’s applicability was determined by testing the sensitivities of parameters used in the Bowen ratio equation. A comparison of results determined through the Priestly–Taylor and Penman–Monteith methods with meteorological data for Yilan and Chiayi counties, Taiwan, for the 2006 summer and winter is performed. The results of this study showed that, among the simulated latent heat fluxes in the two study areas, the values estimated using the Penman–Monteith method were the largest, followed by those estimated using the Priestly–Taylor method. Values estimated using the Bowen ratio method were the smallest. Predictions generated by the proposed Bowen ratio equation correlated with those generated by the other models; however, the values estimated with the Priestly–Taylor method were closest to the simulated values.