High spectral stability and quantitative accuracy of LIBS by optimization of combined atomic and ionic line algorithm

Large spectral fluctuations bring large errors in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis, which impedes the improvement of precision and accuracy, limiting the large-scale application and commercialization. In this work, we...

IRAS Observations of Extended Planetary Nebulae

The pointed observations made by the IRAS satellite have been analysed. In total 67 nebulae have been observed of which 10 proved to be resolved. The majority of the observations were carried out with the CPC and with the DSD macro of the survey array (Leene & Pottasch, 1987b). Further special deep maps were made of six nebulae (Leene & Pottasch, 1987a; Leene, 1987). Typical noise levels of the deep images are 0.03–0.1 MJy ster−1.The distribution of emission around the central star confirms that the 12 and 25 μm emission are due to ionic line emission. This is very clear in the nebula NGC 7293 (Leene & Pottasch, 1987a) and in NGC 6853 (Zhang et al., 1987). The other nebulae (A7, A21, A31, A35 and NGC 1360) confirm these findings. The 12 μm emission is most likely due to the NeII (12.81 μm) or due to the SIV (10.52 μm) line. The 25 μm band shows a strong central contribution due to the OIV (25.87 μm) line and a halo of the SIII (18.68 μm) line.