Management of hemostasis in a patient with liver cirrhosis in the perioperative period.

Для пациентов с циррозом печени характерны существенные изменения в системе гемостаза. Описан клинический случай ведения пациента с циррозом печени, портальной гипертензией, варикозными венами желудка, оперированного на высоте желудочно-кишечного кровотечения, на фоне выявленных тромбоэмболических осложнений (тромбоэмболия легочной артерии и тромбоз глубоких вен голеней). В предоперационном периоде был установлен кава-фильтр. В первые двое суток послеоперационного периода в качестве антикоагулянта вводили концентрат антитромбина III (АТ-III) по 1000 ЕД в связи с исходным его дефицитом (64%) и для дальнейшего обеспечения эффективности терапии низкомолекулярными гепаринами (НМГ). По мере увеличения уровня тромбоцитов с 66×109/л до 200×109/л в качестве антикоагулянта был назначен парнапарин натрия в лечебной дозе. Эффективность терапии НМГ оценивали с помощью тромбоэластографии (ТЭГ). На 9-е сутки после операции диагностировано развитие гепаринорезистентности на фоне тромбоцитоза более 1 млн, гиперфибриногенемии, высокой активности фактора VIII и вновь выявленного дефицита АТ-III (53%). Клинически гепаринорезистентность проявилась образованием флотирующего тромба в правой бедренной вене. К максимальной лечебной дозе парнапарина (17000 анти- Ха) добавлен антиагрегант клопидогрел (75 мг) и начато введение концентрата АТ-III по 1000 МЕ в течение 3 сут. Преодолена гепаринорезистентность с нормализацией уровня АТ-III (89%), достигнута дезагрегация тромбоцитов. Через 7 сут диагностирован полный лизис флотирующего тромба в правой бедренной вене. В дальнейшем пациент в течение 1 мес амбулаторно находился на терапии парнапарином (17000 анти- Ха активность в сутки) и клопидогрелом (75 мг/сут). По данным компьютерной ангиопульмонографии: полный лизис тромба в легочной артерии, кава-фильтр удален. Заключение. Мониторинг системы гемостаза у пациента с циррозом печени позволил контролировать адекватность проводимой антикоагулянтной терапии и использовать арсенал имеющихся в распоряжении клинициста препаратов. Patients with liver cirrhosis are characterized by significant hemostasis changes. A clinical case is described of patient management with liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, stomach varicose veins, operated at the height of gastrointestinal bleeding, with revealed thromboembolic complications (pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis of the lower legs). Cava filter was installed in preoperative period. In the first 2 days of the postoperative period, antithrombin III (AT-III) concentrate was administered as an anticoagulant, 1000 units each due to its initial deficiency (64%) and to further ensure the therapy efficacy with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). By increasing the platelet count from 66×109/L to 200×109/L, a therapeutic dose of parnaparin sodium was prescribed as an anticoagulant. The efficacy of LMWH therapy was assessed by thromboelastography (TEG). On the day 9 after surgery heparin resistance was diagnosed with thrombocytosis (more than 1 million), hyperfibrinogenemia, high activity of VIII factor and re-identified AT-III deficiency (53%). Clinically, heparin resistance was manifested by floating thrombus in the right femoral vein. The antiaggregant clopidogrel (75 mg) was added to the maximum therapeutic dose of parnaparin (17,000 anti- Xa), and the administration of AT-III concentrate (1000 IU) was started for 3 days. Heparin resistance was overcome with normalization of AT-III level (89%), platelet disaggregation was achieved. Complete lysis of floating thrombus in the right femoral vein was diagnosed after 7 days. Later the patient was treated with parnaparin (17,000 anti- Xa activity per day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) during 1 month outpatiently. According to computer pulmonary angiography, complete thrombus lysis in the pulmonary artery was revealed, the cava filter was removed. Conclusions. Hemostasis monitoring in patient with liver cirrhosis made it possible to control the adequacy of the anticoagulant therapy and to use the arsenal of drugs available to the clinician.

Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) Features of Aortic Floating Thrombus: Five Case Reports and Literature Review

: Aortic floating thrombus (AFT) is a rare disease, which is often misdiagnosed as a tumor or another disease. Here, we report five cases of AFT, confirmed by computed tomography angiography (CTA). The patients’ laboratory biomarkers, clinical treatment, dynamic changes, and CTA features, including the AFT location, morphology, size, and aortic segment involvement, were retrospectively analyzed. CTA was the main imaging modality for detecting AFT, as it could depict lesions and determine the therapeutic effects accurately. Overall, the therapeutic strategy should be selected individually, depending on the patient’s physical health; conservative medication use is also recommended.

Hyperacute simultaneous cardiocerebral infarction related to floating thrombus in the ascending aorta: a case report

Background Ascending aortic thrombus has been reported in several case reports, often revealed by peripheral embolization, but very few revealed by cardiocerebral infarction. Moreover, there is no defined treatment strategy. Case Summary An 83-year-old woman was admitted to our intensive care unit for concurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute stroke, both with the presence of an embolism. Imaging revealed a floating thrombus in the ascending aorta. The thrombus resolved after anticoagulant therapy was administered, and there was no subsequent embolism recurrence. Discussion Floating thrombus in the ascending aorta is an unusual cause of AMI. The main mechanisms of thrombus formation include erosion of an atherosclerotic plaque, but it can also form without tissue abnormality with the probable implication of Virchow’s triad. However, the precise mechanism for thrombogenesis remains unknown. In patients with a low surgical risk, we should consider surgical treatment, especially as anticoagulant therapy does not appear to reduce the risk of arterial embolization. Thrombolysis and endovascular interventions have also proven effective in certain cases. Overall, in patients with high surgical risk, decision will have to be made on a case-by-case basis. Learning point Ascending aortic thrombus should be suspected in cases of multiple systemic embolisms. Simultaneous AMI and ischemic stroke should lead to a search for arterial embolization, and it could be useful to perform a head and chest CT scan prior to cardiac catheterization in case of neurologic symptoms in the context of AMI.

Thrombus of the Aorta and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Cause or Trigger?

Objective: Coronavirus disease 19 is a well-established cause of rare arterial thrombosis. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of arterial thrombosis remains to be elucidated. We herein report the case of a large floating thrombus of the aortic arch, its surgical management and histological analysis.Case: A 65-year-old patient presented to the emergency department with a suspected stroke. He was non-smoker, but presented cardiovascular risk factors, namely hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. A computed tomography of the aorta revealed a large floating thrombus of the aortic arch, at the base of the brachiocephalic trunk, suspected to be the etiology of stroke. Therapeutic anticoagulation was immediately started. The decision was made to perform an open aortic replacement surgery because of the symptomatic thromboembolic event with recent cerebral infarction and the potential harmfulness of the thrombus due to its size. A mobile thrombus was observed at the base of the brachiocephalic trunk by echocardiography. It was attached to a small area of the upper aortic wall and had an irregular surface. Histology revealed a platelet-rich thrombus lying on an aortic atherosclerotic plaque without pronounced inflammation. No plaque ulceration was present but endothelial cell desquamation was observed consistent with plaque erosion.Conclusion: In our case, there was a thrombus lying on an atherosclerotic plaque with intact thick fibrous cap, but associated with a plaque erosion mechanism. The thrombus formation appeared more likely to relate to a very localized endothelial injury.

Acute coronary syndrome of the left main coronary artery caused by a huge floating thrombus in the ascending aorta: a case report of intravascular ultrasound effectiveness

Background Left main coronary artery (LMCA)–acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a rare complication of a floating thrombus in the ascending aorta. However, diagnosing the aetiology of LMCA–ACS during an emergency situation is challenging. We present a rare case of LMCA–ACS caused by a large thrombus in the ascending aorta, confirmed by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Case summary A 90-year-old woman presented to the emergency department complaining of chest pain and syncope. On admission, her electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm and a complete right bundle branch block with significant ST depression in the V3–V6 leads; hence, ACS was suspected. The first emergency angiogram of the left coronary artery showed filling defect in the proximal ascending aorta. IVUS revealed a large thrombus in the ascending aorta. The thrombus extended from the ascending aorta to the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. IVUS confirmed that there was no dissection of the coronary artery or the proximal ascending aorta. Based on the IVUS findings, this case was diagnosed as ACS of the LMCA caused by a floating thrombus in the ascending aorta. Discussion This rare case of LMCA–ACS caused by a thrombus in the ascending aorta was confirmed by IVUS, which can be a useful imaging tool for diagnosing morphological abnormalities during emergencies.