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2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson F. Brokaw ◽  
Evynn Davis ◽  
Rachel A. Page ◽  
Michael Smotherman

Olfactory tracking generally sacrifices speed for sensitivity, but some fast-moving animals appear surprisingly efficient at foraging by smell. Here, we analysed the olfactory tracking strategies of flying bats foraging for fruit. Fruit- and nectar-feeding bats use odour cues to find food despite the sensory challenges derived from fast flight speeds and echolocation. We trained Jamaican fruit-eating bats ( Artibeus jamaicensis ) to locate an odour reward and reconstructed their flight paths in three-dimensional space. Results confirmed that bats relied upon olfactory cues to locate a reward. Flight paths revealed a combination of odour- and memory-guided search strategies. During ‘inspection flights’, bats significantly reduced flight speeds and flew within approximately 6 cm of possible targets to evaluate the presence or absence of the odour cue. This behaviour combined with echolocation explains how bats maximize foraging efficiency while compensating for trade-offs associated with olfactory detection and locomotion.


2021 ◽  
pp. 107305
Author(s):  
Xiaoliang Xu ◽  
Mengzhao Wang ◽  
Yuxiang Wang ◽  
Dingcheng Ma

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Santos ◽  
Pablo Gracia ◽  
Susanna Navarro ◽  
Samuel Peña-Díaz ◽  
Jordi Pujols ◽  
...  

Abstractα-Synuclein aggregation is a key driver of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease and related syndromes. Accordingly, obtaining a molecule that targets α-synuclein toxic assemblies with high affinity is a long-pursued objective. Here, we exploit the biophysical properties of toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils to identify a family of α-helical peptides that bind to these α-synuclein species with low nanomolar affinity, without interfering with the monomeric functional protein. This activity is translated into a high anti-aggregation potency and the ability to abrogate oligomer-induced cell damage. Using a structure-guided search we identify a human peptide expressed in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract with analogous binding, anti-aggregation, and detoxifying properties. The chemical entities we describe here may represent a therapeutic avenue for the synucleinopathies and are promising tools to assist diagnosis by discriminating between native and toxic α-synuclein species.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Christine Salahub ◽  
Stephen M. Emrich

Abstract When searching for a target, it is possible to suppress the features of a known distractor. This suppression may prevent distractor processing altogether or only after the distractor initially captures attention (i.e., search and destroy). However, suppression may be impaired in individuals with attentional control deficits, such as in high anxiety. In this study (n = 48), we used ERPs to examine the time course of attentional enhancement and suppression when participants were given pretrial information about target or distractor features. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that individuals with higher levels of anxiety had lower neural measures of suppressing the template-matching distractor, instead showing enhanced processing. These findings indicate that individuals with anxiety are more likely to use a search-and-destroy mechanism of negative templates—highlighting the importance of attentional control abilities in distractor-guided search.


eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heesun Kim ◽  
Yue-He Ding ◽  
Gangming Zhang ◽  
Yong-Hong Yan ◽  
Darryl Conte ◽  
...  

Eukaryotic cells use guided search to coordinately control dispersed genetic elements. Argonaute proteins and their small RNA cofactors engage nascent RNAs and chromatin-associated proteins to direct transcriptional silencing. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has been shown to promote the formation and maintenance of silent chromatin (called heterochromatin) in yeast, plants, and animals. Here, we show that Argonaute-directed transcriptional silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans requires SUMOylation of the type 1 histone deacetylase HDA-1. Our findings suggest how SUMOylation promotes the association of HDAC1 with chromatin remodeling factors and with a nuclear Argonaute to initiate de novo heterochromatin silencing.


2021 ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
Michael Rawson ◽  
Giles Reger
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