U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions

U.S. Export Controls and Economic Sanctions is a must for those who deal with U.S. government export control and economic sanctions regulations. Written as a user’s manual rather than an academic or historical treatise, it covers in considerable detail—but in language that is intelligible to non-lawyers as well as lawyers—the Commerce Department’s controls on exports of commercial, “dual-use” (having both commercial and military utility), and low-level military items, the State Department’s controls on higher-level military items, the Treasury Department’s approximately thirty different economic sanctions programs, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s controls on nuclear-related commodities, and the Energy Department’s restrictions on assistance to foreign nuclear programs. Given the authors’ decades of experience with these regulations, the book not only explains the legal rules but also offers tips—not necessarily reflected in the regulations themselves—about how to interpret the regulations and deal with the regulators.

History of Buddhism in Mongolia in Essay of Kensur Ngawang-Nima “Coverage of Classical Sources on History of Buddhism”

The article considers a part of the essay “Coverage of classical sources on the history of Buddhism” by the outstanding Buryat scholar Lama Kensura Ngawang-Nima, dedicated to the history of the spread of Buddhist teachings in Mongolia. Some biographical information of the author of the essay is introduced. The materials of the fragment under study are presented, on the basis of which we can say that the author divides the spread of Buddhism in Mongolia, like many researchers, into three stages. Secular and religious figures who played an important role in the spread and formation of Buddhism among the Mongols are noted in the article. It is indicated that when writing his historical treatise, Kensur Ngawang-Nima relied on the works of his famous predecessors, such as the 5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsan Gyatso, Taranatha Gunga Nyingbo, Thukwan Chokyi Nyima, etc., and a part of the essay devoted to the history of Buddhism in Mongolia, based on the work “Golden Book / Altan Debter” by the famous Mongolian scholar Lama Shagdaryn Zava Damdin. The peculiarity of the historical treatise under study is that it is the only known and published work written by a Buryat in the Tibetan language in the genre of Tibetan historical literature — choichzhun.

Мечети региона Заказанье в трактате Ш. Марджани «Мустафад ал-Ахбар фи Ахвали Казан ва Булгар»

The article introduces the content, structure, and features of one of the chapters of historical treatise of Shihabaddin Mardjani “Mustafad al-Akhbar fi Ahvali Kazan wa Bulgar”. In this Chapter, the author described the history of the most important Tatar mosques located in the historical and cultural region of Qazan Arty, as well as in the extreme geographical points of the chosen area. In addition, the author left valuable biographical information about the imams who served in these mosques. Understanding of this material allowed us to establish the prerequisites for the formation of Sh. Mardjani as a historian and probable reasons that prompted him to turn to the historical and local history topics. In addition, the significance of studied layer of scientist’s heritage for the culture of Tatar people, Tatar historiography, Islamic studies, local history and genealogy is shown. The article is accompanied by illustrative material.

La Polonia nelle opere letterarie di Giacomo Casanova

Polska w dziełach literackich Giacoma CasanovyStreszczenieNiniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę części dzieła literackiego Giacoma Casanovy, w którejpojawia się Polska. Wenecki uwodziciel miał okazję gościć w państwie polskim przez kilkamiesięcy, zanim zniknęło ono w następstwie rozbiorów. Owe doświadczenie opisał szerokow swoich wspomnieniach pt. Histoire de ma vie, jak również w Il Duello, kronice zdarzenia,które przytrafiło się mu z księciem Branickim i które zmusiło go najpierw do pojedynkuz księciem, a później do opuszczenia kraju. Znajomości zawarte na terenie Rzeczypospolitejzachęciły Casanovę do napisania Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia, historycznego traktatuo kraju; dzieło jednak zostało nieukończone, co było powodem gorzkiej polemiki. Dziękiwnikliwemu obserwatorowi możemy uzyskać cenne uwagi nie tylko dotyczące charakteruautora, ale również Polski tamtych czasów. Informacje te w większości przypadków mająswoje odzwierciedlenie w dowodach historycznych i ukazują nam piękny portret ówczesnegospołeczeństwa polskiego.Słowa kluczowe: Giacomo Casanova, Giacomo Casanova w Polsce, Histoire de ma vie, Istoriadelle turbolenze della Polonia Poland in the literary works of Giacomo CasanovaAbstractThe present article contains an analysis of Giacomo Casanova’s literary work, in which Polandappears. The Venetian seducer had stayed in Poland for several months before the countrydisappeared due to partitions. He described his experience in memoirs entitled Histoire dema vie, as well as in libretto Il Duello which chronicles an incident involving duke Branickiand which forced him to first duel the duke and later to leave the country. ConnectionsCasanova made in Poland stimulated him to write Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia,a historical treatise about the country. However it was never finished which resulted in bitterdispute. Thanks to the soul of inquisitive observer we are given remarks concerning not onlythe author’s character but also those on Poland of that time. Said information is most oftenreflected by historical evidence and give us a perfect picture of Polish society of that period.Keywords: Giacomo Casanova, Giacomo Casanova in Poland, Histoire de ma vie, Istoria delleturbolenze della Polonia

Z badań nad warsztatem historycznym księcia Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego ("Wstęp do historii litewskiej", rozdz. I, s. 1-8)

Wstęp do historii litewskiej [An Outline of the Lithuanian History] by Adam Jerzy Czartoryski has never been published before, it has not been analyzed, it has not been taken in consideration while dealing with texts on Polish, Belorussian and Lithuanian historiography, nor in the research into Count Adam Jerzy Czartoryski’s activities as the Curator in Wilno [Vilniaus]. Czartoryski’s historical treatise, which provides an outline of the history of Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie [the Grand Duchy of Lithuania], reveals in a unique way the historical and philosophical method of Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, who is still unknown to the general public as an author. Comparing Czartoryski’s book with the canonical works of historiography allows for an analysis of the process of Czartoryski’s connection of history with politics and political thinking. Concrete problems of historiography which Czartoryski faced could be clearly seen, particularly in his non-scholarly goal of his book: to show the differences in the civilizational foundations of Lithuania from Belorussian and Russian influences. Czartoryski in this way was combating weird plans to recreate the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the Romonov’s rule. This paper contains a fragment of a commentary to Duke Czartoryski’s treatise covering eight subchapters.