THE CONCEPT OF FREEDOM IN I. BERLIN'S INTELLECTUAL HISTORY

Рассматривается трактовка И. Берлином концепта «свободы». Берлин сосредотачивается на дифференциации негативной и позитивной свободы, поддерживая негативную свободу, восходящую к классической английской политической философии. Понятие позитивной свободы связывается Берлином с континентальной мыслью - воззрениями Г.В.Ф. Гегеля, Ж.Ж. Руссо, И. Гердера и К. Маркса. Он указывает, что позитивная свобода может переродиться в свою противоположность - деспотизм. Негативная свобода, в свою очередь, не претерпевает превращения во что-то настолько далекое от ее изначального значения. The article is devoted to I. Berlin's interpretation of the concept of «freedom». Berlin focuses on the differentiation of negative and positive freedom, supporting negative freedom that goes back to classical English political philosophy. Berlin connects the concept of positive freedom with continental thought - the views of G.V.F. Hegel, J.J. Rousseau, I. Herder and K. Marx. Berlin points out that positive freedom can be reborn into its opposite - despotism. Negative freedom, in turn, doesn’t turn into something so far from its original meaning.

Positive Freedom

Freedom is widely regarded as a basic social and political value that is deeply connected to the ideals of democracy, equality, liberation, and social recognition. Many insist that freedom must include conditions that go beyond simple “negative” liberty understood as the absence of constraints; only if freedom includes other conditions such as the capability to act, mental and physical control of oneself, and social recognition by others will it deserve its place in the pantheon of basic social values. Positive Freedom is the first volume to examine the idea of positive liberty in detail and from multiple perspectives. With contributions from leading scholars in ethics and political theory, this collection includes both historical studies of the idea of positive freedom and discussions of its connection to important contemporary issues in social and political philosophy.

Democratic Freedom

The chapter explores the meaning of democratic freedom. Building on the work of Hannah Arendt, it demonstrates that the long-standing debate between liberalism and republicanism does not exhaust the meaning of freedom. There is a unique conception of democratic freedom built into the democratic revolution, defined as the capacity to begin anew. The chapter clarifies what is democratic about this conception, and how it differs from positive freedom, conventionally understood. It shows that democratic freedom, defined as the capacity to begin anew offers a much-needed alternative to the many liberal and republican conceptions of freedom that dominate contemporary political theory, including freedom as non-interference, non-domination and self-determination.

The Concept of Freedom in liberalism’s Thought, for Instance: Friedrich .A. Von Hayek's Vision

Liberalism thus views the concept of freedom as a fundamental element of its intellectual foundation and without access to and defense of freedom, there is no meaning for the existence and survival of liberals. Due to the wide range of views of liberalism and the differences of opinion of liberal thinkers and different trends, attitudes and views on different freedoms, for example some of the thinkers believe in the interference of the state power in personal freedoms with the goal of creating social justice and economic justice and so on..., such as the thinkers of the Social liberal trend in the thought of liberalism, But some other thinkers believe in the protection of individual freedoms from interfering of the power of the state, and reject any form of interference in freedom, such as thinkers of the Libertarians trend in the thought of liberalism, including (Friedrich A. von Hayek). These two views of liberalism are expressed in terms of freedom, as: positive freedom (when the state intervenes in freedoms), and negative freedom (that freedom is protected from the interference of state power). (Hayek) rejects positive freedom and believes that any interference in the freedom, economy, and property of individuals, commodities, and markets, leads to the deterioration of the security and stability of individuals on one hand, and the creation of an oppressive, tyrannical and dictatorial power or regime on the other hand. This condition becomes the cause and means of the departure of individuals and the coexistence of the living system to slavery.