Anti-Imperialism and Kemalism in Turkey’s Long Sixties: Mahir Çayan’s Theory of Revolution in Context

This article aims to reassess the evolution of Mahir Çayan’s theory of uninterrupted revolution in the context of the radical ideological currents of the long sixties in Turkey. It concentrates on Çayan’s relations with the National Democratic Revolution (Milli Demokratik Devrim, mdd) movement that enjoyed a considerable degree of political and ideological authority over the youth movements starting in the second half of the 1960s. The article discusses how Çayan interpreted and attempted to revise the theory of national democratic revolution by reference to the changing characteristics of imperialism and colonial domination. Consideration is given to Çayan’s critical approach towards the role of Kemalists in the anti-imperialist bloc to be formed.

THE STATE OF RESEARCH OF THE HISTORY OF BELARUSIANS IN THE SOUTH OF UKRAINE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA: AN OVERVIEW OF MODERN PUBLICATIONS

The article is devoted to the analysis of contemporary Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish historiography of the history of Belarusians in the south of Ukraine and in Odesa and the district during the Ukrainian National-Democratic Revolution. The scientific relevance of the problem of research is associated with an insufficient level of its research in Ukrainian historiography. This aspect was chosen with taking into account the fact that during the Ukrainian National Democratic Revolution of 1917-1920 the territory of Southern Ukraine, mainly the city of Odesa and the district, due to economic ties and its political significance, became an important region for concentration of Belarusians, their trade activities, participation in political life and national state construction, etc. Of particular interest are the researches of M. Sсhavlinskiy, D. Mikhalyuk, O. Zubko. The researchers from Odesa are represented insufficiently. Researchers address such important problems as the creation of the Belarusian National Council in Odesa, the Belarusian National Commissariat and the Consulate, the activities of Belarusian national organizations. Most of the research examines the history of Belarusians in the south of Ukraine and the city of Odesa in the context of studying other problems. As a result of the study, it was found that in modern historiography – Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish – some aspects of the history of Belarusians in the south of Ukraine, mainly in Odesa and the district, were covered for the period of 1917-1919.The researches are as special as and more general, in which events in the region are mentioned briefly in the context of a wider problem related mainly to the Belarusian national movement and the Belarusian state construction. As a rule, the investigators are limited only to mentions of personalities, or briefly characterize the Odesa period of their biographies. Further research requires the problem of interaction between the Belarusian ethnic group in the population of Odesa and in the south of Ukraine in the early XX century and Belarusian refugees during World War I, also Belarusian cultural and educational activities in the south mentioned in the research literature, etc.

The slippery slope to State capture: cadre deployment as an enabler of corruption and a contributor to blurred party-State lines

Drawing on both legal and political sources, this article scrutinises the policy of cadre deployment that the African National Congress (ANC), the ruling party in South Africa, has implemented, and continues to apply. The analysis begins by recalling and commenting on the only reported judgment in South African jurisprudence that dealt with the political influencing of municipalities' exercise of their public power to make appointments, namely, Mlokoti v Amathole District Municipality & another 2009 (6) SA 354 (ECD). What the Mlokoti case has confirmed is that the legal foundation for the exercise of public power is found in the Constitution and its enabling legislation, and not in party political policy, such as the ongoing practice of cadre deployment. In an investigation of cadre deployment, the article then demonstrates that this ANC policy, particularly judging by its stated purpose, is incompatible with the constitutional State and, instead, enables the rise of the shadow State. Unsurprisingly, therefore, political commentators increasingly observe that, apart from the revelations at the Zondo Commission of Inquiry, State capture in South Africa in fact commenced when the ANC assumed political power in pursuit of the National Democratic Revolution. It is argued that the pursuit of a National Democratic Revolution in South Africa is directly at odds with the vision and goals of the 1994 constitutional pact. Convening a bipartisan national convention on philosophical and other approaches to the fight against corruption may offer a solution. Here, a starting point would be to reconsider the country's anti-corruption strategies to pay proper attention to the ethical causes of this scourge.

«Reform, reformation and replenishment of the Church»: Historical and analytical review of A.V. Kartashev's treatise

Предмет исследования – сочинение А.В. Карташева «Реформа, реформация и исполнение Церкви», его речь 1916 г. в Петербургском религиозно-философском обществе о «внешнем» и «внутреннем» развитии Русской Церкви в преддверии Февральской революции. ПРФО было попыткой вернуться к Петербургским религиозно-фило-софским собраниям (1901–1903), на которых религиозная интеллигенция выдвинула Церкви предложения по церковной реформе и начала религиозное движение. Его задачей была пропаганда нового религиозного сознания (НРС), воцерковление культуры как фактора обожения человека. Церковь призвали изменить отношение к «пло-ти» и слиться с общественной жизнью религиозно. Считается, что трактат направлен против церковной реформации. Реконструкция его содержания в доктринальной системе НРС показывает, что Карташев в 1916 г. верен своим взглядам начала века. The subject of the research is the work of A.V. Kartashev «Reform, reformation and replenishment of the Church». This is Kartashev's speech at the St. Petersburg religious and philosophical society (1907–1917) about the «external» and «internal» development of the Russian Church on the eve of The February bourgeois-democratic revolution. PRFO was an attempt to return to the St. Petersburg religious and philosophical meetings (1901–1903), at which the religious intelligentsia in the context of the historical modernization of the country put forward proposals for Church reform to the Church and started a religious movement. Its task was to promote a new religious consciousness (NRC), and to establish culture as a factor of human deification. The Church was called to change its attitude to the «flesh» and merge with public life religiously. It is believed that in the treatise Kartashev opposed the Church reformation in Russia. Reconstruction of the content of the treatise in the doctrinal system of the NRC shows that Kartashev in 1916 was true to his views of the beginning of the century.

A Probe into the Ways to Improve the Cultural Emotional Identity of Chongqing Citizens

With the social existence that is formed by historical accumulation, Chongqing’ revolutionary cultural resources are derived and condensed from three historical stages which are the new democratic revolution, the socialist construction period, and the new period of reform and opening-up. In a modern society with people as the main body, promoting the cultural and emotional identity of urban residents are extremely important for the development of the city. Therefore, integrating Chongqing’s revolutionary cultural resources, guiding Chongqing citizens’ emotional identification with local urban culture through rationality and persuasion, behavioral restraints, and the cultivation of moral awareness in persuading people are important ways to build Chongqing’s urban culture.