Cosmological distances scale: Part 10. The global Anisotropy

A brief overview of the history of the origin and development of the cosmological distance scale based on redshift is given. Statistical aspects of the problem of calibration of scales of this type are considered and their analogy with the problems of calibration of measurement tools is shown. The analysis of the first data on the basis of which the “accelerated expansion of the Universe” was detected. The Consequences of Anisotropy for Distance Scale is analyzed.

Cosmological distances scale. Pt. 12. Confluence analysis, rang inversion and tests for inadequacy

The measurement problem of calibration of the cosmological distance scale is considered from the point of view of the conditions of applicability of the regression analysis. It is shown that the rank inversion and statistical heterogeneity of data on supernovae SN Ia, which were used in 1998–1999 to detect the “acceleration of the expansion of the Universe”, and in 2004–2007 – as “extraordinary evidence” of its existence, is the reason for the discrepancy and inconsistency of the obtained estimates of the parameters of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker model. Although the use of tests for inadequacy for models of the cosmological distance scale reduces these negative effects, the fact remains that the cosmological distance scale based on redshift has neither the status of metric nor ordinal.

Cosmological distances scale: Pt. 11. Extraordinary evidences and cosmically jerk problem

Statistical verification of the “extraordinary” evidence of “acceleration of the expansion of the Universe” due to the “cosmic push” at the redshift interval and at based on data on supernovae of type SN Ia, for which photometric distances were determined, was carried out. The transition from “deceleration” to “acceleration” is considered as a “breakdown” – a change in the structure and parameters of the model of the cosmological distance scale. It is shown that data from different sources do not form a compositionally homogeneous set. The scale model's “misalignment” (discord) was revealed for from a sample of 10 SN Ia obtained in the interval by the High-Z Supernovae Search Team, and for from a sample of 42 SN Ia obtained in the interval by the Supernovae Cosmology Project group. The reason for these “discrepancies” may be an unbalanced and random distribution of SN Ia over the observed range of redshifts with a clearly expressed non-metric character of the scale.