A mutual approach for profit-based unit commitment in deregulated power system integrated with renewable energy sources

This paper proposes a mutual technique for solving the profit-based unit commitment (PBUC) problem in deregulated power system integrated with wind power. The proposed mutual approach is the joined execution of different solution techniques and known by the non-dominated sorting of moth fly optimization (MFO) with levy flight search (NSMFLF) technique. In the proposed approach, the levy flight search and the traditional moth flame optimization looking conduct is prepared in parallel as for the objective function and update the conceivable combination of generation units. The objective function maximizes the profit of the generating companies as for the revenue and total fuel cost in light of the gauge estimations of power demand, price and reserve power. Here, the uncertainty events of the wind power are predicted by utilizing the artificial intelligence techniques. Thus, the system is ensured with the high utilization of wind power. Finally, the non-dominated sorting is performed to choose the optimal solution from the conceivable generated combinations. The optimal combination used to maximize the profit of the generating companies and solve the PBUC problem in light of the objective function. The proposed method is implemented in the matrix laboratory working stage and the outcomes are analyzed with the current strategies.

La investigación sobre heráldica española, con especial atención a la Edad Moderna. Estado de la cuestión

Resumen: Este artículo pretende contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de la investigación realizada hasta el momento sobre heráldica española. Tratamos, además, de ayudar a la consecución de dos importantes objetivos. En primer lugar, el muto acercamiento de heraldistas e historiadores –sobre todo de la nobleza–, así como de estos últimos a las armerías en tanto objeto de estudio. Y, en segundo lugar, queremos hacer hincapié en la necesidad de fomentar las investigaciones sobre las armerías en la Edad Moderna, periodo mucho más desatendido que el medieval. Con estos propósitos hemos organizado el presente trabajo en tres conjuntos: la exposición de las principales tendencias que ha habido en la investigación sobre armerías; la reseña de las más destacadas aportaciones desde la heráldica, por un lado, y desde la historiografía sobre la nobleza, por el otro, tanto para la Edad Media como para la Moderna –separadamente– en nuestro país; y, finalmente, una propuesta de líneas de investigación a desarrollar para el estudio de las armerías de los siglos XVI a comienzos del XIX.Palabras clave: Heráldica, armerías, nobleza, España, Edad Moderna, estado de la cuestión.Abstract: This article aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the research on Spanish heraldry to date. It also attempts to help achieve two important goals. First, the mutual approach between heraldists and historians –especially of the nobility–, and between the latter and the coats of arms as an object of study. Second, we want to emphasize the need to encourage research on Heraldry in the Early Modern Age, a period much more neglected than the medieval one. For these purposes we have organized this paper into three main sets: (a) the explanation of the main trends found in the research on coats of arms, (b) the review of the most outstanding contributions made by heraldry, on the one hand, and by the historiography of the nobility, on the other, for both the Middle Ages and the Early Modern age –separately– in our country, and finally (c) a proposal to develop lines of research in the study of the coats of arms between the 16th and early 19th centuries.Key words: Heraldry, coat of arms, nobility, Spain, Early Modern Age, state of affairs.

- Den teologiske modtagelse af Verdenskrøniken 1812

Den teologiske modtagelse af Verdenskrøniken 1812[The Theological Reception of Grundtvig’s World Chronicle 1812]By Kim Arne PedersenTaking as its starting point William Michelsen’s characterization of the Danish literary and artistic Golden Age and of Grundtvig’s position in Danish intellectual life after the publication in 1812 of Kort Begreb af Verdens Krønike i Sammenhæng (A Brief View of the World Chronicle in Context, VK 1812), this paper analyses Grundtvig’s ensuing discussions with theologians up until 1815. Grundtvig’s antagonists all bore the mark of Enlightenment theology while at the same time each taking up a different position, and the analysis shows the need to rework Michelsen’s stylization of Grundtvig’s isolation after 1812 as a result predominantly of his antagonism to German idealistic philosophy.Grundtvig’s dispute with the vicar Johan Harder (1768-1831) is the first to be considered. Harder was characterized by a Kantian rationalism from which Grundtvig had dissociated himself after having read Kant’s treatise Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft. In his correspondence with the curate Andreas Krag Holm (1767-1851), Grundtvig encountered a defence of the theological principle of accommodation, i.e. the idea that Christ in his earthly life had adapted himself to the notions of his contemporaries, originally forwarded by J. G. Zollikofer (1730-88).The most important discussion caused by VK 1812 is the one between Grundtvig and professor of Divinity Jens Møller (1779-1833), who stood for an early supranaturalistic theology of a Wolffian stamp combined with respect for the historical revelation. Grundtvig’s own historically based theology of revelation would seem to make a mutual approach possible, but Møller’s publishing of an article in his periodical Theologisk Bibliothek (Theological Library) by the Kantian-rationalistic supranaturalist H. G. Tzschirner (1778-1828) was cause for controversy. The fact that Møller admitted historical-critical reason to play an essential part in theology and did not assume reason to be determined exclusively by faith caused Grundtvig to criticize him, even though he acknowledged Møller as a fellow Christian. Thus, Grundtvig’s evaluation of Møller is reminiscent of his characterization in VK 1812 of the German supranaturalist F. V. Reinhard (1753- 1812).Grundtvig’s discussions with contemporary theologians place his controversies with writers influenced by idealism such as the natural scientist H. C. Ørsted (1777-1851) and the historian Christian Molbech (1783-1857) in a largercontext; in particular this is true in relation to Ørsted.Grundtvig was positive yet still guarded in his stimation of Kant’s setting a limit to human knowledge in Kritik der reinen Vernunft, but he rejected the concept of faith as based on the autonomy of reason as it had been proposed by Kant in his works on religion. Grundtvig’s sympathy for Kant’s assertion of the limits of reason might seem to bring him close to a Kantian supranaturalism, however, Grundtvig’s emphasis on the unconditional dependence of reason on faith separates him from the thinking of all other contemporary academic theologians. In his periodical Danne-Virke, Grundtvig stuck to this evaluation of Kant in an argumentation for reason as ruled by faith.