Vision 2020: A Review of 20 Years of Inclusion Studies in Music Education

Inclusion has been a prominent topic in music education since the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974 (now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or IDEA 2004). In 2000, music educators at the Housewright Symposium presented a list of goals for music education for the year 2020 in a document called Vision 2020, and one of those goals stated that barriers would be removed for the inclusion of all students. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the past 20 years of music education research (1999–2019) to determine how well the inclusion goal of Vision 2020 has been met. Four themes emerged: Perceptions in Schools, Practices in Schools, University Coursework, and Unique Topics. A concluding section summarizes findings and presents implications for meeting the Vision 2020 inclusion goal as it pertains to students with disabilities.

Despising the weak

In Germany, paediatrics evolved at the end of the 19th century in an atmosphere of social Darwinism and nationalism which paved the way towards elimination of handicapped infants. Killing handicapped children was organized in Hitler’s Chancellery from 1939, targeting infants with idiocy and mongolism, micro- or hydrocephaly, malformed limbs, head, or spine, and palsies. A system of reporting and rating such infants was established, leading to their admission to one of 30 ‘Special Children’s Departments’. There, sedatives were applied in a dose depressing respiration which led to a slow death disguised as natural. A hundred physicians were directly involved in killing, and many more including eminent paediatricians in reporting infants. After the war, court trials were initiated, but usually discontinued. Physicians involved in murdering children continued to teach and to conduct research on the victims’ brains. Their textbooks conveyed little compassion for the weak, malformed, and handicapped. There was widespread unwillingness to keep preterm infants alive. When from 1960 artificial ventilation of neonates became possible, opposition against it persisted. Despising the weak was an enduring legacy of Nazism that may have delayed the introduction of modern neonatology in Europe.

Evaluación de tres técnicas para el manejo de conducta odontológica en pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista

Objetivo. Evaluar tres técnicas para el manejo de conducta: Desensibilización Sistemática (DS), Método Treament and Education of Autistic and related Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH) y la técnica Decir, Mostrar, Hacer (DMH), durante la atención dental a personas con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Métodos. Participaron 18 personas del Noreste de México con diagnóstico de TEA, con un rango de 13 a 15 años divididos en tres grupos según la técnica TEACCH, DS y DMH con seis personas por grupo. A los participantes se les realizó una profilaxis dental empleando la técnica de manejo de conducta y comunicación según el grupo, la conducta se evaluó usando las escalas Frankl´s Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS) y Comfort Behavior Scale (CBS). Se usaron las pruebas Chi cuadrado, ANOVA y t de Student para comparar los resultados. Resultados. La conducta evaluada con la escala de Frankl, fue definitivamente positiva en los grupos TEACCH (33,3%) y DS (16,7%). Conducta positiva semejante en los tres grupos (66,7%). Conducta negativa semejante en DS y DMH (16,7%). Conducta definitivamente negativa solo en el grupo DMH (16,7%). En la escala CBS, solo el grupo DMH presentó aumento del tono muscular (p= 0,013) y tensión facial no sostenida (p= 0,001), al compararlo con TEACCH y DS. Conclusiones. Las tres tecnicas utilizadas son efectivas para el manejo de conducta de las personas con TEA durante el tratamiento dental, sin embargo en la técnica DMH se observó conducta definitivamente negativa y respuesta corporal-conductual que refleja tensión emocional.

The Trial of Wilhelm Doering: “Public Interest” and Shooting of Mentally Handicapped Children in Shumyachi

In May 1961, the German law enforcement agencies detained Wilhelm Doering, the commander of one of the mobile squads of Einzatzkommando. The perpetrator was charged with the organization of the slaughter of the Jewish population in a number of settlements in Belarus and Russia, as well as the slaughter of mentally handicapped children in the village of Shumyachi (Smolensk region). Following two trials (1962—1964) W. Doering was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment. The former Nazi managed to avoid responsibility for organizing the slaughter of 16 disabled children living in the Shumyachian boarding house. The Court qualified the offence under consideration as a “second-degree murder”, under which the statute of limitations had expired. In fact, the German judiciary laid the blame for the slaughter of children on the Soviet authorities that “left the children in a helpless state” and the Nazi criminals were characterized as guardians of “public interest” who, by killing children, saved the Russian population and German servicemen from the epidemic. The court verdict never mentioned that, in the Third Reich, the slaughter of mentally ill children was common practice; the crime in Shumyachi was taken out of general context of Nazi atrocities related to the implementation of the “child euthanasia programs.” The verdict handed down to W. Doering was a fact of blatant injustice and trampling upon the memory of thousands of children victims of Nazism.

Effectiveness of cognitive play in developing the self-confidence of the mentally handicapped who are able to learn during COVID-19 pandemic

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