The ethics of supervision: Reciprocity, emergence and prefiguration

The paper asks: what makes for an ethical supervision? It begins by looking at the differing ethical requirements in situations of persons and things (science), and in situations of persons and persons. It is argued that if psychotherapy (and consequently supervision) is thought to be a scientific activity, then it will require the supervisor to subscribe to the ethics akin to those of the natural scientist. However, if psychotherapy and supervision are intersubjective relational activities, then the ethical requirements will be those of reciprocity and mutuality. Also necessary will be notions of prefiguration and emergence.

Pioneering political ecology: perceptions of nature, Indigenous practices and power relations during Alexander von Humboldt's travels in Latin America

This article is an attempt to discuss the image of Alexander von Humboldt as a pure natural scientist with a humanist ethos, and to highlight that he was in fact one of the first thinkers who anticipated positions known today as political ecology. We outline that his universal knowledge obviously has contradictory perspectives, and was interpreted in several directions. On the one hand, there is the position taken by post-colonial critics that Humboldt showed Eurocentric and imperialist thinking during his travels to the Americas, as Pratt has advocated. On the other hand, and in explicit contrast to the post-colonial critique, Humboldt has been regarded by Sachs as a founding figure of American environmentalism and as "perhaps, the first ecological thinker." Furthermore, Wulf's biography titled The Invention of Nature tries to show that Humboldt wanted to bridge the gap between the emerging natural sciences and Romanticist aesthetics. However, based on his writings, we argue that his perception of nature has been misread and that his position was shaped by a view akin to open and critical political ecology, as opposed to pure nature constructivism without including local humans. We show this by focusing on his research methods that were open to local Indigenous ecological knowledge, his appraisal of Indigenous socio-cultural systems, his perception of nature as Indigenous cultural landscapes degraded by colonial and early capitalist market forces, his openness towards Indigenous ontologies of what we call nature, and finally his focus on local institutions for the sustainable governance of resources.

The Phenomenon of Volunteerism as a Reflection of the Traditional Value of Mutual Assistance and Support (to the 100th Anniversary of the Passing of P. A. Kropotkin)

Introduction. Philosophy of culture one of the aspects of the subject field has an understanding of real cultural practice, based on multivariate reassessments of cultural traditions. The axiological component of the philosophy of culture affects the fundamental moral and ethical values of a person and society that contribute to social activity. The purpose of the article is to show the continuity of the ideological and practical volunteer movement, the importance of social activity of young people. Materials and Methods. In the article, the authors used the methodology of cultural and comparative analysis, the historical and philosophical approach to the problem, and the method of comparative studies. Among the historical foundations of axiology, there is a distinction between what is due and what is, concepts that unite ideas about ethics, human activity itself and its evaluation. The anarcho-communitarian construction of Prince Kropotkin’s ethics makes a significant contribution to this outline of reasoning, sets the guidelines for healthy human relations. The results of the Study. The principles of the evolutionary development of mutual assistance and support, solidarity and altruism, developed by the ethical philosopher and natural scientist Kropotkin in natural science and ethical works, in fact, were not only the theoretical basis of the philosophy of culture, but can also serve as guidelines for the practical activities and axiology of modern volunteers of the XXI century. Discussion. The article considers volunteerism as a continuation of a significant value tradition of mutual assistance and support, which has its historical incarnations. Solidarity, justice, altruism, instinct and the moral sense of a person – these are the main concepts of Kropotkin ethics as a doctrine of morality in its broadest sense. This year, the Russian scientific community is celebrating the centenary of the passing of P. A. Kropotkin. In this regard, it is particularly relevant to develop the principles of mutual assistance and support, which are practically in demand in the context of the cornavirus pandemic. Conclusions. The principles of the evolutionary development of mutual assistance and support, solidarity and altruism, developed by the ethical philosopher and natural scientist Kropotkin in natural science and ethical works, in fact, were not only the theoretical basis of the philosophy of culture, but also the practical activity of the axiology of modern volunteers of the XXI century, a manifestation of human social activity.

"WEST-EAST-WEST" - LINE OF CONTINUITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

In the article the author tries to show the place and role in the development of world science of the outstanding scientist of medieval Central Asia Abu Raikhan Beruni. The study of the scientific heritage of Beruni shows that in his person we have a natural scientist and a great philosopher of his time. There is reason to conclude that Beruni provided one of the moments of the continuity of the development of science in the form of a triad.

UDMURT NAMES OF GODS, GHOSTS AND HOLIDAYS IN J.G. GEORGI's 18th CENTURY ETHNOGRAPHICAL HANDBOOK

German origin natural scientist Johann Gottlieb Georgi participated in the Orenburg Expedition, organized by the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. Between 1770 and 1774 he travelled in the Middle and Lower Volga Region, the Orenburg area, Bashkiria, the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal and reached as far as the Russian-Chinese-Mongolian border. He summarized his experiences of the journey in his book titled Bemerkungen einer Reise im Russischen Reich im Jahre 1772-1774 . A few years later he published an extended version of the Bemerkungen , titled Beschreibung aller Nationen des Russischen Reichs , a richly illustrated volume describing in detail the customs and religious life of 80 peoples in Russia. One of these is the Udmurts. Georgi tells us about the living circumstances, clothing, wedding and burying customs of the Udmurts and describes very thoroughly their gods, ghosts, holidays, sacrifices, also providing us with the Udmurt names for them. He writes about the main gods (Inmar, Kildisin, Mu-Kildisin, Šundi mumi) , the evil god (Šajtan) , the guardian spirits and the evil spirits (Voršud, Vu murt, Palas murt, Ubir, Albaste) . He also describes the sacrificial places (keremet and lud, kuala, mudor) , writes about the sacrificial (vöś, vöśan) ceremony and about the mediators (tuno, uťis, vedin) between earth and heaven. He also mentions some special events like the spring sowing and the summertime and autumn harvests.

IGOR VASILIEVICH IVANOV - NATURAL SCIENTIST AND PEDOLOGY CHRONICLER

The article is dedicated to the remarkable Russian natural scientist made a significant contribution to soil science and the biosphere theory - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Igor Vasilievich Ivanov (02.07.1937-30.03.2021). His open mind and encyclopedic knowledge allowed him, working in various fields of natural science, to move on to creation a socio-historical direction in soil research and generalization of the Russian soil science history with other view at the features of its development.

The first Russian female soil scientist

The year 2021 is marked by the 175-th anniversary of the birth of Anna Egorovna and Vasiliy Vasilievich Dokuchaevs. This is a wonderful occasion to recall an amazing and remarkably modest woman who played an important role in the life and work of the great Russian natural scientist, the founder of genetic soil science. If many works were written about her outstanding world-wide known husband, films were made, pictures were created, his photos are preserved, then the life of his wife is undeservingly poorly described, and the appearance of this very beautiful woman is depicted in the only one famous portrait. This article, dedicated to the memory of Anna Egorovna Dokuchaeva, is based on both the quotations from the already published memoirs of the follower and the friend of V.V. Dokuchaev – Franz Yulievich Levinson-Lessing, and the excerpts from Anna Egorovna’s letters to Varvara Ippolitovna – the wife of F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing. These letters were collected from the archives of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and copied by the employee of the V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute – Sergey Petrovich Lyalin – in the 1980s, and they are now kindly provided by the Central Soil Museum by V.V. Dokuchaev (the Branch of the Federal Research Centre “V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute” in St. Petersburg).

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BIOSPHERE AS A KEY TO SOLVE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS (TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF A.N. TYURYUKANOV)

Anatolij Nikiforovich Tyuryukanov (1931-2001), Dr.Sci (Biol.), professor was a remarkable Russian natural scientist, who made a signifi contribution to soil science and the theory of the biosphere. Investigation of Tyuryukanov’s works shows both evolution of the author’s scientifi interests and development of natural history in Russia in 20th century. He formulated the biosphere natural history principle founded on a new fundamental category of sciences foundation in 20th century. Th principle is based on genetic soil science, biogeocenology, landscape geochemistry and main branches of the Earth biosphere and vitasphere study. Interesting and sometimes unexpected assertions of A.N. Tyuryukanovs provide food for thought about both further studies of nature, development of biosphere study and refl on the human and biosphere relationships.

Science

Chapter 2 traces Russia’s response in the 1880s and 1890s to the ‘great wine blight’, the phylloxera epidemic that nearly destroyed European viniculture entirely. Long after a French botanist, Jules-Émile Planchon, devised a sure-fire solution—grafting the scions of endangered European vines onto the rootstock of immune American vines—Russian scientists persisted with the use of an ineffective pesticide. The reasons why they persisted had a lot to do with the unusual views of Aleksandr Kovalevskii, a pioneering natural scientist and chairman of the Bessarabian Phylloxera Commission. Kovalevksii argued that the ‘struggle for existence’ envisioned by Darwin’s theory of speciation was occurring on the inter- rather than the intra-specific level, between different species of grapevines. Planchon’s grafting, in Kovalevskii’s view, thus constituted choosing sides in the existential struggle between American and European vines.