scholarly journals Mutual Approach in Field Studies and Education: The Relationship between Sociology and Geography

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SELIM EREN ◽  
BEDRI OZDEMIR
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Mutual Approach ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals CCN activity of organic aerosols observed downwind of urban emissions during CARES

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 9355-9399 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mei ◽  
A. Setyan ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
High Water ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Least Squares Fit ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aerosol Chemical Composition

Abstract. During the Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES), activation fraction of size-resolved aerosol particles and aerosol chemical composition were characterized at the T1 site (~60 km downwind of Sacramento, California) from 10 June to 28 June 2010. The hygroscopicity of CCN-active particles (κCCN) with diameter from 100 to 171 nm, derived from the size-resolved activated fraction, varied from 0.10 to 0.21, with an average of 0.15, which was substantially lower than that proposed for continental sites in earlier studies. The low κCCN value was due to the high organic volume fraction, averaged over 80% at the T1 site. The derived κCCN exhibited little diurnal variation, consistent with the relatively constant organic volume fraction observed. At any time, over 90% of the size selected particles with diameter between 100 and 171 nm were CCN active, suggesting most particles within this size range were aged background particles. Due to the large organic volume fraction, organic hygroscopicity (κorg) strongly impacted particle hygroscopicity and therefore calculated CCN concentration. For vast majority of the cases, an increase of κorg from 0.03 to 0.18, which are within the typical range, doubled the calculated CCN concentration. Organic hygroscopicity was derived from κCCN and aerosol chemical composition, and its variations with the fraction of total organic mass spectral signal at m/z 44 (f44) and O : C were compared to results from previous studies. Overall, the relationships between κorg and f44 are quite consistent for organic aerosol (OA) observed during field studies and those formed in smog chamber. Compared to the relationship between κorg and f44, the relationship between κorg and O : C exhibits more significant differences among different studies, suggesting κorg may be better parameterized using f44. A least squares fit yielded κorg = 2.04 (± 0.07) × f44 − 0.11 (± 0.01) with the Pearson R2 value of 0.71. One possible explanation for the stronger correlation between κorg and f44 is that the m/z 44 signal (mostly contributed by the CO2+ ion) is more closely related to organic acids, which may dominate the overall κorg due to their relatively high water solubility and hygroscopicity.

Into the wild: developing field tests to examine the link between elasmobranch personality and laterality

Behaviour ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 153 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1777-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan E. Byrnes ◽  
Catarina Vila Pouca ◽  
Sherrie L. Chambers ◽  
Culum Brown
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Port Jackson ◽  
The Relationship

The field of animal personality has received considerable attention in past decades, yet few studies have examined personality in the wild. This study investigated docility, a measure of boldness, in two Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) populations using field tests, and if laterality differences explained docility levels. We developed a struggle test as an assay for docility, which is particularly amenable to field studies. The struggle test was effective, and repeatable inter-individual docility differences were observed. Sex, but not population, influenced docility scores, with male sharks being less docile than females. This difference is likely due to the contrasting role each sex plays during mating. We also found individualized lateralization. However, no individual-level relationship between lateralization and docility was detected. Despite reported links between laterality and some personality traits, the relationship between laterality and boldness remains inconclusive in sharks. Further studies will prove essential to clarify the mechanisms behind personality traits in vertebrates.

Crisis in Mali: Interrelationship of major actors

2021 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Anna S. Davidchuk
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
General Level ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
The Relationship

This article provides comprehensive analysis of interrelationship of the main actors of Malian conflict in 2012-2021, based on official statements, documents, press reports and field studies. The analysis is focused on the main groups of actors and the complex nature of relationships within the system, based on the "mutual intersection" of actors at several levels - transnational, state and local (ethnic). The authors consider a complex of political and economic reasons that affects the change in the loyalty of actors - the general level of poverty, the issue of controlling routes of smuggling and drug trafficking, the unique political agenda of different groups, close tribal, family and friendly ties between representatives of the same classes and clans representing different actors. In the paper are also analyzed the main events that make it possible to talk about the type of relations between actors. Researchers pay special attention to non-state actors - former rebels and ethnic militias, which form the systems of relations among the actors of the Malian conflict and actively use violence, the monopoly on which de jure belongs only to the state. Authors analyze the position of foreign actors (France, EU, UN) and emergence of new, non-violent methods of combating terrorism, since the anti-terrorist operations "Serval" and "Barkhan" were not successful and did not destroy the terrorist groups in the Sahara-Sahel region. All these facts signal about a further change in the relationship among the actors and, as a result, new challenges and opportunities in the settlement of the Malian conflict.

scholarly journals How Does Consumers’ Local or Global Identity Influence Price–Perceived Quality Associations? The Role of Perceived Quality Variance

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Yang ◽  
Sijie Sun ◽  
Ashok K. Lalwani ◽  
Narayan Janakiraman
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Global Identity ◽  
Natural Boundaries ◽  
Price Perceptions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Globalization has substantially influenced the world economy. However, managers have a limited understanding of how local–global identity influences consumers’ price perceptions and behavior. In this research, the authors propose that consumers’ local (vs. global) identity leads to a greater tendency to make price–perceived quality (PPQ) associations. Perceived quality variance among comparison brands is a key mechanism underlying these effects. Two field studies (Studies 1 and 7), seven experiments (Studies 2–6, 9, and 10), and a systematic review of secondary data (Study 8) provide converging and robust evidence for the effect of local–global identity on PPQ. Consistent with the perceived quality variance account, when quality differences among the brands are made salient, PPQ associations of consumers high in global (but not local) identity significantly increase, compared with baseline conditions. However, when perceived quality similarities are made salient, PPQ associations of consumers high in local (but not global) identity significantly decrease. Product type and distribution of customer ratings represent natural boundaries for the relationship between local–global identity and PPQ. The authors conclude with the implications for managers’ targeting endeavors. We also provide specific tools that marketers can use in ads and point-of-purchase materials to encourage or discourage consumers in making PPQ associations.

scholarly journals Am I a Science Person? A Strong Science Identity Bolsters Minority Students’ Sense of Belonging and Performance in College

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722093648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie Chen ◽  
Kevin R. Binning ◽  
Kody J. Manke ◽  
Shannon T. Brady ◽  
Erica M. McGreevy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minority Students ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Science Identity ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
Racial Minority Students ◽  
Social Belonging ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Identifying as a “science person” is predictive of science success, but the mechanisms involved are not well-understood. We hypothesized that science identity predicts success because it fosters a sense of belonging in science classrooms. Thus, science identity should be particularly important for first-generation and racial-minority students, who may harbor doubts about belonging in science. Two field studies in college Introductory Biology classes ( Ns = 368, 639) supported these hypotheses. A strong science identity predicted higher grades, particularly for minority students. Also consistent with hypotheses, Study 2 found that self-reported belonging in college mediated the relationship between science identity and performance. Furthermore, a social belonging manipulation eliminated the relationship between science identity and performance among minority students. These results support the idea that a strong science identity is particularly beneficial for minority students because it bolsters belonging in science courses. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

The Critical Period of Bengal Dayflower (Commelina Bengalensis) Control in Peanut

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Wilson H. Faircloth ◽  
J. Timothy Flanders ◽  
Eric P. Prostko ◽  
Timothy L. Grey
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
The Relationship

Bengal dayflower (also known as tropical spiderwort) is one of the most troublesome weeds in peanut in Georgia, United States. Field studies conducted in 2004 and 2005 evaluated the relationship between the duration of Bengal dayflower interference and peanut yield in an effort to optimize the timing of weed control. In 2004, the critical period of weed control (CPWC) necessary to avoid greater than 5% peanut yield loss was between 316 and 607 growing degree days (GDD), which corresponded to an interval between June 8 and July 2. In 2005, the CPWC ranged from 185 to 547 GDD, an interval between May 30 and July 3. Maximum yield loss in 2005 from season-long interference of Bengal dayflower was 51%. In 2004, production of peanut pods was eliminated by interference with Bengal dayflower for the initial 6 wk (495 GDD) of the growing season. Robust Bengal dayflower growth in 2004 shaded the peanut crop, likely intercepting fungicide applications and causing a reduction in peanut yield. Therefore, the competitive effects of Bengal dayflower are likely complicated with the activity of plant pathogens. In spite of higher Bengal dayflower population densities, greater Bengal dayflower growth, and greater peanut yield losses in 2004 than in 2005, the CPWC was a relatively similar 4-wk period that ended during the first week of July, for peanut that was planted in the first week of May.

Association of sulfate-water and blood thiamine concentration in beef cattle: Field studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej A. Olkowski ◽  
David A. Christensen ◽  
Colin G. Rousseaux
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Cattle Blood ◽  
High Sulfate ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Relationship

A population study was undertaken to survey the distribution of sulfate levels in water and thiamine status of beef cattle on Saskatchewan farms. Fifty farms took part in this study. The sampled animals represented all major breeds raised in Saskatchewan. The sulfate content in drinking water varied greatly across the province ranging from 70 to 3200 ppm. Approximately 43% of the farms from southern and central parts of the province had water with sulfate concentration exceeding 1000 ppm. The concentration of blood thiamine was (mean ± SD) 24.9 ± 10.1 μg L−1. Subsequently, a comparative study was undertaken to examine the relationship between high sulfate in the drinking water and blood thiamine concentration in feedlot cattle. The farms with high (> 1000 ppm) and low (< 200) levels of sulfate in the water were used for the comparative study. Blood thiamine concentrations differed (P < 0.0001) between beef cattle drinking low sulfate-water and those drinking high sulfate-water and were 47.3 ± 9.8 and 37.9 ± 12.4 μg L−1 respectively. It was concluded from this study that a high concentration of sulfate in the drinking water has a detrimental effect on blood thiamine status. A subpopulation of beef cattle in Saskatchewan may be marginally deficient or deficient in thiamine. Key words: Water, sulfate, cattle, blood, thiamine, deficiency

On the interpretation of age—prevalence curves for schistosome infections of host snails

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. J. Woolhouse
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Snail Population ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Patent Infection

SUMMARYThe prevalence of schistosome infections in intermediate host snails varies with snail age. The relationship between age and prevalence, the age—prevalence curve, is complex and may vary in space and time, and among parasite—host species. Field studies show that the shape of the age—prevalence curve may be seasonally variable, and that at some times there may be a decline in prevalence among older snails. This paper attempts to explain these observations in terms of the underlying epidemiological processes. A discrete-time version of Muench's catalytic model for age-dependent infection is developed. Model simulations were carried out using life-history and epidemiological parameters derived from studies ofSchistosoma haematobium—Bulinus globususin Zimbabwe. Analysis of model behaviour identifies aspects of the schistosome— snail interaction that affect the shape of the age—prevalence curve. The following features can result in a decline in prevalence among older snails. (1) A decrease in the survival rate of patent infected snails with age. (2) A decrease in the force of infection with age. (3) A high rate of loss of infection. (4) A heterogeneity in the snail population such that the probability of infection is correlated with snail fecundity. (This would occur if there existed a spatial correlation between force of infection and fecundity, or if there were a correlation between fecundity and susceptibility.) The evidence for the occurrence of these features in the field is assessed. Survival rate is related more closely to the duration of patent infection than to ageper se. The evidence for age-dependent force of infection is equivocal. Significant loss-of-infection rates have yet to be demonstrated. Heterogeneities in force of infection and fecundity have been reported and, for the Zimbabwe data, this mechanism can explain seasonally in the age—prevalence curve as a function of known seasonal variation in the force of infection and snail fecundity.

Approach or Avoid? Exploring Overall Justice and the Differential Effects of Positive and Negative Emotions

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1857-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie J. Barclay ◽  
Tina Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Overall Justice ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive And Negative Emotions

As empirical research exploring the relationship between justice and emotion has accumulated, there have been key questions that have remained unanswered and theoretical inconsistencies that have emerged. In this article, the authors address several of these gaps, including whether overall justice relates to both positive and negative emotions and whether both sets of emotions mediate the relationship between overall justice and behavioral outcomes. They also reconcile theoretical inconsistencies related to the differential effects of positive and negative emotions on behavioral outcomes (i.e., performance, withdrawal, and helping). Across two field studies (Study 1 is a cross-sectional study with multirater data, N = 136; Study 2 is a longitudinal study, N = 451), positive emotions consistently mediated the relationship between overall justice and approach-related behaviors (i.e., performance and helping), whereas negative emotions consistently mediated the relationship between overall justice and avoidance-related behaviors (i.e., withdrawal). Mixed results were found for negative emotions and approach-related behaviors (i.e., performance and helping), which indicated the importance of considering context, time, and target of the behavior. The authors discuss the theoretical implications for the asymmetric and broaden-and-build theories of emotion as well as the importance of simultaneously examining both positive and negative emotions.

Death of the Nursed: Burnout of the Provider

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Room ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Caregiver Burnout

Burnout among caregivers of the terminally ill is related to the various ways in which people meet their death. Clinical experience and field studies reveal that every form of dying and death places its own distinctive emotional burden on the caregiver. For example, in the wake of a swift and violent death, an emergency room nurse may believe that he or she was not really trusted by the supervisors and not allowed to exercise his or her own professional judgment. The lack of opportunity to establish a last bond with the dying person can generate intense frustration. By contrast, the “slow death” process can result in debilitating fatigue on the caregiver's part, a fatigue whose source in the relationship with the dying person may not be recognized. A number of suggestions are made for identifying and coping with caregiver burnout throughout the spectrum of individuals, relationships, and modes of death.

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