Methods for estimating quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of faecal sludge: field evaluation in Sircilla, India

Estimates of accumulated quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of faecal sludge are essential for developing city-wide management plans. However, standardized approaches are lacking, and examples in scientific literature make use of diverse methodologies and parameters, making their comparability and transferability difficult. This study field-tested an approach for estimating Q&Q in Sircilla, India, and compared three methods for measuring accumulated sludge: (1) faecal sludge accumulation rate from in situ measurement with a core sampler; (2) faecal sludge accumulation rate with volume emptied by desludging truck; and (3) sludge blanket accumulation rate with a core sampler. Measurements were taken at households and commercial establishments, samples were analysed for characteristics, and demographic, environmental, and technical data were collected with a questionnaire. The median TS, VS, and COD concentrations for all containments were 26.8, 17.8, and 32.0 g/L, respectively. The median faecal sludge accumulation rate estimated with the core sampler and truck were 53 and 96 L/cap·year, respectively. The median sludge blanket accumulation rate was 17 L/cap·year. Continued data collection in this fashion will lead to a better understanding of what is accumulating in onsite containments at regional levels.

Makrozoobentos sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Perairan di Senggarang Besar Kota Tanjungpinang

Makrozoobentos merupakan organisme yang peka terhadap perubahan lingkungan sehingga sangat baik digunakan sebagai indikator biologis suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis makrozoobentos, tingkat keanekaragaman, keseragaman, dominansi makrozoobentos dan kualitas perairan Senggarang Besar berdasarkan keberadaan makrozoobentos (menggunakan Family Biotic Index). Penelitian menggunakan metode survei. Penentuan stasiun menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Pengambilan sampel makrozoobentos menggunakan line transect dengan transek kuadrat dan core sampler. Makrozoobentos yang ditemukan di Perairan Senggarang Besar yaitu: Anadara granosa, Canarium urceus, Capitella teleta, Cerithium coralium, Nerita ritena, Luidia columbia, Tapes literatus, Nassarius olivaceus, Pirenella cingulata, Planaxis sulcatus, Polymesoda erosa, Pythia scarabaeus, Semiricinula tissoti, dan Terebralia sulcata. Keanekaragaman tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 2 (H'= 1,91) dan makrozoobentos yang mendominasi dari famili Certhiidae. Keseragaman tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 3 (E= 0,94) dan makrozoobentos yang mendominasi dari famili Potamididae. Dominansi tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 1 (C= 0,52) dan makrozoobentos yang mendominasi dari famili Potamididae dan Cerithiidae. Dari keseluruhan parameter fisika-kimia, parameter nitrat dan fosfat tidak memenuhi baku mutu berdasarkan KepMen LH No.51 Tahun 2004 untuk biota laut. Kualitas perairan Senggarang Besar berdasarkan makrozoobentos sebagai bioindikator didapatkan bahwa, stasiun 1 (FBI= 6,94) dengan kategori buruk, stasiun 2 (FBI= 5,6) dengan kategori cukup, stasiun 3 (FBI= 7) dengan kategori buruk.

Perancangan Sistem Hidrolik pada Unit Mobile Core Sampler

Sugarcane core sampler is a plantation equipment sector which collect sugar cane samples and determining of rendemen in sugarcane. Sugarcane core sampler is a new product made by PT. United Tractors Pandu Engineering to solve problem about determining of individual rendemen in sugarcane at sugar mill. In operation Sugarcane Core Sampler uses a hydraulic system as the prime mover, either to raise the platform, take samples of cane and push it out of the probe cylinder. In order for the hydraulic system to work optimally, it is necessary to design and calculate the specification of components to be used on tilting cylinders, ejector, hydraulic pump, and reservoir (hydraulic tank). It also conducted a discussion of the difference between the Core Sampler Sugarcane fixed and mobile models. From the calculation results obtained inside diameter tilting cylinder is Ø100 mm with rod cylinder Ø56 mm, inside diameter of ejector cylinder is Ø32 mm with rod cylinder Ø1 8mm. At the biggest pump flow required is 51.81 lpm and displacement 43 cc/rev, from result of calculation hence specified pump which used is pist on pump type with displacement 41 cc/rev. For hydraulic tank capacity requiredon all hydraulic systems is 177 liters.

PROSES DISEMINASI CORE SAMPLER KEPADA PETANI TEBU RAKYAT DI PG BUNGAMAYANG

<p><em>Core sampler (CS) is a tool to get indivual cane sample on the truck to determined rendement. Dissemination process of CS in Bungamayang SF on 2014 had focussed by: (1) application concept of individual system by determine the CS on first step (transition step), and (2) socialization to cane farmer about awareness of individual rendement system, to get the cane farmers responses to determie individual rendement by CS. The aim of the dissemination is do socialization to the farmer about rendement determine system by CS. The steps of the socialization are socialization of rendement determine system by CS to SF’s staff and cane farmers before milling season; to set the application concept of CS determine rendement individual system; assistance and evaluation. Socialization had done to the cane farmers at Bungamayang SF, the responses had measured by quesionare at step socialization and had analyzed descriptifly. The number of truck had evaluated are 4.947. The meeting with farmer group coordinator, staff of agricultural division, and managers of pabrikasi agree that determine of CS individual rendement system had applicated as base of payment to farmer at 2014 milling season. The 62,64% of respondent agreed with rendement that they reach, because corresponding with cane agricultural that they done, the figure of cane had been harvested, and the rendement is higher than milling season before. Rejection of CS’s rendement is 37,36%, because they feel that they was done the good agricultural and they know that the miller often trouble. The way of the farmer group chairman deliver explanation about rendement was correct: to motivate cane farmer to revise agricultural so that reach higher rendement (38,49%) and rendement fix to the quality of cane (22,64%). The result of socialization show that cane farmer at Bungamayang SF know the fuction of CS, the work of CS, and CS system is worthy to solve the problem of rendement measurement.</em></p>

Within-year spatio-temporal variation in meiofaunal abundance and community structure, Sinop Bay, the Southern Black Sea

The first comprehensive meiobenthos study was carried out in Turkey, the Southern Black Sea (Sinop) from August 2009 to July 2010.Sediment samples were collected monthly at eight stations at 3 m and 10 m water depths located on four transects. A metal push core sampler (surface area 12.56 cm