Semi-Manual Processing Of Blood Clamps Waste into Chitosan Powder

Blood clams (Anadara granosa) are endemic clams found in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Blood clams are widely consumed by the public as seafood dishes in coastal food stalls. The great potential of blood clams will increase the waste of clam shells produced. The accumulation of shellfish waste will cause pollution and reduce environmental aesthetics. The chitin content in blood clam shells can be used as chitosan. Chitosan is a polymer of -(1-4) glucosamine which is formed when the acetyl group in chitin is substituted by hydrogen to become an amine group. Chitosan has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Isolation of chitosan was carried out through the stages of demineralization, deproteination, and deacetylation. The limited use of laboratories during the pandemic is a major obstacle in the isolation process of chitosan. This study aims to process blood clam shell waste into chitosan in a simple way on a home scale. Processing includes deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylation were done using tools and materials available at home. Laboratory equipment such as beakers could be replaced with pots, the reflux process was replaced by using a cloth to filter, and measuring cups were replaced with glasses. The research used 1500 grams of blood clam shell powder and produced 1050 grams of white chitosan with a slightly hard texture

THE EFFECTIVITY OF SCAFFOLD FROM ANADARA GRANOSA SHELL-STICHOPUS HERMANNI ON BLOOD VESSEL COUNTS AFTER TOOTH EXTRACTION

ABSTRACTBackground: Alveolar bone resorption can occur after tooth extraction. One source of bone scaffold material is hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP). The shell of Anadara granosa can be synthesized to be HA-TCP. Hyaluronic acid, which is widely contained in Stichopus hermanni, can stimulate endothelial progenitor cells for the healing process. Purpose: This research aims to prove the Effectivity of scaffold from Anadara granosa shell-Stichopus hermanni on blood vessel counts after tooth extraction. Methods: The sample in this study was male Wistar rats divided into four study groups randomly. Each group consists of 6 rats. Extraction was carried out on the mandibular first incisor, then was given gelatin as a placebo in the control group, treatment groups given scaffold from Anadara granosa shells (AG), and scaffold combination from Anadara granosa shells-Stichopus hermanni with concentrations of 0.4%-0.8%. (AGSH1-AGSH2). Development of HA-TCP synthesized from Anadara granosa combined with Stichopus hermanni extract for biomedical scaffolds using the freeze-dried method. Observations were made three days after tooth extraction. Data analysis has used one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD (p<0.05). Results: The results of the ANOVA test followed by the HSD-Tukey test showed a significant difference between C (7.33±1.51) and AGSH1 (11.50±1.38), AGSH2 (21.17±1.94), AG (9.33±1.63) and AGSH1 with AGSH2, but between AG and, AGSH1 no significant differences.Conclusions: Combination scaffold from Anadara granosa shell and Stichopus hermanni 0.8% effectively increased blood vessel counts after tooth extraction.

Species Diversity of Marine Bivalves from the Strait of Rupat Island Riau Province, Indonesia

A survey of marine bivalves for species diversity was conducted at five locations in the current study; Three stasiun at Dumai city beach those are Silensing, Bandar Bakau, Basilam Baru, Sri Tanjung, and Pulau Payung beach of Rupat Island Strait, Riau Povince. Indonesia. The goal of this study was to learn more about the marine bivalves that live in the Rupat Island strait. From July to August 2020, marine bivalves were collected during spring low tides from intertidal zones and shallow coastal waters. From the Strait of Rupat Island, 13 bivalves belonging to 11 genera, 11 families and 8 orders were discovered. During the research, bivalves from the families Pectinidae, Placunidae, Arcidae, Trapezidae, Veneridae Ostreidae, Corbiculidae, and Psammobiidae were recorded during the study. The number of bivalves in each family reveals that two species belongs to the Arcidae family and two to the Cyrenidae family. Corbiculidae, Placunidae, Trapezidae, and Psammobiidae each had one species reported. The abundance of each species found was extremely low, it is not feasible to be presented quantitatively. The most common species encountered in the strait were Anadara granosa, Polymesoda erosa, Polymesoda expansa, and Pharella acutidens. The anthropogenic activities of Dumai city and Rupat Island, such as the discharge of industrial wastes, residential sewage, overfishing, habitat loss, overharvesting and tourism, could cause variations in bivalves abundance in the Strait of Rupat Island.

Microplastic Abundance in Blood Cockles and Shrimps from Fishery Market, Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand

Microplastics have been one of the major pollutants in the marine environment throughout the recent decade. At present, microplastic contamination in marine ecosystems of Thailand region has become an increasing environmental concern because the ingestion of microplastics in marine organisms may adversely influence the safety of seafood. Cockles and shrimps widely distribute among marine organisms in Thailand since they are one of the commercial sources of seafood, which may be a route of exposure to microplastics towards human. This study documents a market survey in order to understand the extension of microplastic presence in blood cockles (Anadara granosa), fine shrimp (Metapenaeus elegans) and Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) sold in the fishery market in Singhanakorn district, Songkhla province. These selected species are widely consumed and economically important, especially in the southern Thailand region. The total microplastic concentration in blood cockles is 4.71±0.06 n/g (wet weight) and 2.64±0.01 n/individual; in fine shrimp is 0.50±0.19 n/g (wet weight) and 3.70±1.12 n/individual; in Indian white shrimp is 0.69±0.48 n/g (wet weight) and 3.45±0.04n/individual. Discovered microplastics in all the species samples were mainly composed of microplastic fibres and black colour was found to be more predominant. Our results indicate that microplastic contamination is present in Thailand’s commercial seafood species. As microplastic able to be transferred to human through food web, we suggest further market-based survey studies on other seafood sources.

KANDUNGAN MIKROPLASTIK PADA KERANG DARAH (ANADARA GRANOSA) DI PERAIRAN TELUK KENDARI

Mikroplastik di perairan dapat mengganggu organisme yang berasosiasi salah satunya kerang darah (Anadara granosa). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan dan jenis mikroplastik yang terdapat pada tubuh kerang darah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni-September 2020. Lokasi pengambilan sampel kerang darah berasal dari stasiun perairan Lapulu, Masjid Al-Alam, dan Muara Sungai Wanggu. Pengambilan sampel dari setiap stasiun dilakukan secara acak. Jumlah sampel masing-masing stasiun tersebut adalah 30 individu. Analisis sampel dilakukan di Laboratorium Unit Produktivitas dan Lingkungan Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Halu Oleo. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa jenis mikroplastik yang terdapat dalam tubuh kerang darah terdiri atas 4 jenis, yaitu fiber, film, fragmen dan pellet. Kandungan mikroplastik pada tubuh kerang darah tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun perairan Lapulu yaitu rata-rata 445,8 partikel/individu. Stasiun perairan Lapulu jenis mikroplastik yang tertinggi di dapatkan ialah jenis film 193,7 partikel/individu, Stasiun perairan Masjid Al-Alam jenis fiber 57,9 partikel/individu dan Stasiun perairan muara sungai Wanggu jenis fragmen 85,4 partikel/individuKata Kunci : Mikroplastik, Teluk Kendari, Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa)

Peningkatan Sistem Imunitas Keluarga di Masa New Normal melalui Konsumsi Kerang-Kerangan dan Diversifikasi Pengolahannya bagi Masyarakat Pesisir Pantai Mutiara

Kerang-kerangan adalah salah satu komoditas perairan tawar dan laut dengan dengan kelezatan dan kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi sehingga diminati sebagai konsumsi masyarakat. Pantai Mutiara merupakan salah satu wilayah pesisir di wilayah Kayong Utara dengan potensi hasil laut yang sangat besar, khususnya kekerangan. Pemanfaatan kekerangan sebagai pangan fungsional yang dapat dijadikan sebagai makanan peningkat imunitas tubuh dalam masa pandemi Covid19 ataupun di masa new normal belum optimal, demikian juga dengan pengolahan kerang yang selain memenuhi kebutuhan juga dapat dijadikan sebagai obyek dagangan. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PKM) bertujuan untuk mensosialisaikan makanan kekerangan sebagai bahan pangan yang sangat berperan dalam meningkatkan system imunitas tubuh sehingga dapat terhindar dari penyakit terutama infeksi virus Covid 19, sekaligus menambah keterampilan peserta dalam mengolah berbagai jenis kekerangan untuk konsumsi keluarga. Metode kegiatan ini adalah dengan ceramah edukatif tentang manfaat mengkonsumsi kekerangan terhadap kesehatan dan praktek mengolah kekerangan sebagai lauk untuk konsumsi keluarga. Kegiatan ini dihadiri oleh 15 peserta terdiri dari ibu rumah tangga dan putri remaja, yang antusias mengikuti kegiatan dari ceramah ilmiah edukatif sampai dengan praktek membuat aneka olahan lauk dari kerang darah(Anadara granosa) dan kerang bambu (Solen sp). Evaluasi kegiatan dilakukan dengan memberikan soal pretest dan post test, menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman materi oleh peserta kegiatan mengalami kenaikan dari persentase 30-45% menjadi 80-90%.

The effectiveness of soaking duration on blood cockles (Anadara granosa) with activated charcoal towards reducing metals lead (Pb)

Blood cockle (Anadara granosa) is one of the marine biotas that can be used as a bioindicator of the pollution level of sea water. The nature of blood cockle stays in one place because of their slow movement and they are non-selective filter feeders which filter water in order to get food. The use of activated charcoal during soaking is to keep the food safety from blood cockle contaminated with heavy metals. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectivity test of soaking duration on blood cockle (Anadara granosa) and activated charcoal toward reducing metals lead (Pb). This study employed Randomized Complete Design (RCD) using three different soaking periods such as 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission (ICPE). The parametric data was analyzed with One Way Anova test. The result of the study showed that the soaking duration among 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes in activated charcoal showed significantly different (P< 0.05) toward the levels of lead.

Synthesis and Characterization of Gefitinib and Paclitaxel Mono and Dual Drug-Loaded Blood Cockle Shells (Anadara granosa)-Derived Aragonite CaCO3 Nanoparticles

Calcium carbonate has slowly paved its way into the field of nanomaterial research due to its inherent properties: biocompatibility, pH-sensitivity, and slow biodegradability. In our efforts to synthesize calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CSCaCO3NP) from blood cockle shells (Anadara granosa), we developed a simple method to synthesize CSCaCO3NP, and loaded them with gefitinib (GEF) and paclitaxel (PTXL) to produce mono drug-loaded GEF-CSCaCO3NP, PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and dual drug-loaded GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP without usage of toxic chemicals. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results reveal that the drugs are bound to CSCaCO3NP. Scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that the CSCaCO3NP, GEF-CSCaCO3NP, PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP are almost spherical nanoparticles, with a diameter of 63.9 ± 22.3, 83.9 ± 28.2, 78.2 ± 26.4, and 87.2 ± 26.7 (nm), respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and N2 adsorption-desorption experiments revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles are negatively charged and mesoporous, with surface areas ranging from ⁓8 to 10 (m2/g). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirms that the synthesized nanoparticles are aragonite. The CSCaCO3NP show excellent alkalinization property in plasma simulating conditions and greater solubility in a moderately acidic pH medium. The release of drugs from the nanoparticles showed zero order kinetics with a slow and sustained release. Therefore, the physico-chemical characteristics and in vitro findings suggest that the drug loaded CSCaCO3NP represent a promising drug delivery system to deliver GEF and PTXL against breast cancer.