Filozofia wolności

The presented text includes a review of various philosophical approaches to freedom categories, which, according to the author, is a relational term and experience. In his arguments, the researcher discusses freedom in correlation with i.a. such topics as independence, rootedness, sovereignty, the ability to act autonomously and to make independent decisions, etc. In his contemplations, the author elucidates the category of freedom both from a negative and a positive point of view, referring to the thoughts of Epictetus, G.W.F. Hegel, H. Bergson, F. Nietsche, E. Mounier, J.P. Sartre, R. Ingarden, and M. Buber.

Green’s Relations on Regular Elements of Semigroup of Relational Hypersubstitutions for Algebraic Systems of Type ((m), (n))

Any relational hypersubstitution for algebraic systems of type (τ,τ′) = ((mi)i∈I,(nj)j∈J) is a mapping which maps any mi-ary operation symbol to an mi-ary term and maps any nj - ary relational symbol to an nj-ary relational term preserving arities, where I,J are indexed sets. Some algebraic properties of the monoid of all relational hypersubstitutions for algebraic systems of a special type, especially the characterization of its order and the set of all regular elements, were first studied by Phusanga and Koppitz[13] in 2018. In this paper, we study the Green’srelationsontheregularpartofthismonoidofaparticulartype(τ,τ′) = ((m),(n)), where m, n ≥ 2.

Operation-Specific Lexical Consistency Effect in Fronto-Insular-Parietal Network During Word Problem Solving

The practice of mathematical word problem is ubiquitous and thought to impact academic achievement. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigate how lexical consistency of word problem description is modulated in adults' brain responses during word problem solution. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging methods, we examined compare word problems that included relational statements, such as “A dumpling costs 9 dollars. A wonton is 2 dollars less than a dumpling. How much does a wonton cost?” and manipulated lexical consistency (consistent: the relational term consistent with the operation to be performed, e.g., more—addition/inconsistent: e.g., less—addition) and problem operation (addition/subtraction). We found a consistency by operation interaction in the widespread fronto-insular-parietal activations, including the anterior insula, dorsoanterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and intraparietal sulcus, such that inconsistent problems engaged stronger activations than consistent problems for addition, whereas the consistency effect was inverse for subtraction. Critically, these results were more salient in the less successful problem solvers than their more successful peers. Our study is the first to demonstrate that lexical consistency effects on arithmetic neural networks are modulated during reading word problem that required distinct arithmetic operations. More broadly, our study has strong potentials to add linkage between neuroscience and education by remediating deficits and enhance instruction design in the school curriculum.

DEAF MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ COMPREHENSION OF RELATIONAL LANGUAGE IN ARITHMETIC COMPARE PROBLEMS

This study examined the performance of deaf and hard of hearing middle school students on arithmetic compare word problems with relational statements. Thirteen prelingual, severe-to-profound deaf students were selected to participate. The results showed that the students were more likely to misunderstand a relational statement and make a reversal error when the required arithmetic operation was inconsistent with the statement’s relational term (e.g., choosing the operation of addition when the relational term was less than). There were no statistical differences in the number of reversal errors and on lexical markedness (i.e., marked vs. unmarked items). Finally, fraction-of-a-number relational terms exerted more influence on students’ abilities to solve word problems than did the lexical markedness. Findings are interpreted in light of the consistency effect hypothesis. Directions for future research and implications for instruction are also provided.

Special Relationships in Foreign Policy

Special relationships are durable and exclusive bilateral relations between autonomous polities that are based on mutual expectations of preferential treatment by its members and outsiders as well as regular entanglement of some (external) governance functions. The concept has become more prominent over the past three decades in part because of recent changes in international relations and foreign policy analysis theory (the constructivist and relational turn) and long-term shifts in the social structure of international relations, that is, decolonization, international criminal and humanitarian law, which have posed questions of solidarity, reconciliation, and responsibility of current and past special relationships. The term special relationship has a long and diverse history. After World War II, it was used mainly to depict the Anglo-American security relationship as special. Today, well over 50 international relationships are deemed special. Despite this trend, no common theoretical framework has been developed to explain their emergence, variation, persistence and demise. Realism interprets special relationships as asymmetrical power relations, in which presupposed counterbalancing behavior does not occur because shared ideas or institutions mitigate autonomy concerns. Liberalism postulates that the special relatedness occurs when policy interdependence due to shared commercial interests or ideas allows deep cooperation and trust building. Social constructivism, in turn, assumes self-assertion but does not presuppose with or against whom the self, usually a polity, identifies itself. It follows that special relations may occur between dyads with positive identification (Germany-Israel after reconciliation) or negative identification, such as in the enduring rivalry between India and Pakistan. As a relational term, special relationships do not sit easily with the first generation of foreign policy analysis focusing on decision making processes rather than the policies themselves. As a consequence, special relationships have been primarily conceptualized either as a tool of foreign policy or as one context factor influencing foreign policy choices. In relational theories, such as social constructivism, special relations, such as solidarity relations, are not causally independent from actors, as these relations also define the actors themselves.

The punctuation of mundane jobs with extreme work: Christmas at the supermarket deli counter

This article argues that the characterization of ‘extreme jobs’ as being defined by the constancy of ‘extreme work’ obscures the significance of temporary episodes of ‘extreme work’ for a wider range of jobs and notes that even ‘mundane jobs’ are punctuated by extreme work in a variety of cases. Drawing on a study at a supermarket deli counter during the Christmas trading season, it is proposed that work in this context becomes extreme, in relative terms, in three ways. First, the expansion of the scope of work entails an increase in working hours, an increase in demands for multi-tasking and product knowledge, and an expansion of discretion. Second, an increased mobilization of soft skills is necessitated by intensified work both front stage and backstage. Finally, the Christmas period also entails an extension of ‘inclusive’ management practices over a group of workers who are not typically the focus of such efforts. Four key insights are offered in conclusion: First, ‘extreme jobs’ and ‘extreme work’ are conceptually distinct, and the latter is a relative and relational term that varies with the normalized nature of different jobs; second, the temporality of ‘extreme work’ is variable, as it occurs in different rhythms on different jobs; third, the subjective experience of punctuations of mundane jobs with extreme work can be highly positive; and finally, Christmas deserves further attention in discussions of recurrent and temporary intensification of work, particularly in understanding retail employment.

The user as relational entity

Purpose – “User” is the lingua franca term used across IT design, often critiqued for giving a reductionist portrayal of the human relationship with technologies. The purpose of this paper is to argue that equating “user” with flesh and blood “people out there” is naïve. Not only that, it closes important options in conducting human-centered design. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conceptually elaborate a relational understanding of the user and integrate research findings on user representations found at the intersection of human-centered design and social studies of technology. Findings – The user is best understood as a relational term that bridges between people out there and renditions of them relevant for design. A distinction between “user representations” and “engaged use” is a key distinction to clarify this further. Research to date demonstrates that R & D organizations have a wide range of user representations and positioning human-centered design to these would advance its likely yield. Research limitations/implications – The strategic positioning of user studies and other human-centered design within R & D organizations is a growing research area that merits further research. Practical implications – Descriptions of users would benefit from being more strategic in order to become viable amidst other design concerns. This can be aided by, for instance, visualizing the “users” that different fractions in the company rely on and compare these to the users indicated by human-centered design. Originality/value – The paper makes an original reconceptualization of the user and integrates literature on user representations to open new options for conducting human-centered design.