Fiatal felnőtt korban diagnosztizált familiáris mediterrán láz

Összefoglaló. A familiáris mediterrán láz a herediter autoinflammatorikus betegségek közé tartozik. Klinikai tüneteit döntően a savós hártyák akut gyulladása (serositis: peritonitis, pleuritis, synovitis, ritkán pericarditis, meningitis) határozza meg. A betegség hátterében a pyrin fehérjét kódoló MEFV-gén többségében autoszómális recesszív módon öröklődő mutációi állnak. Legfontosabb szövődménye az amyloidosis, amely veseelégtelenséghez vezethet. Kezelésében első vonalbeli terápiaként a colchicin szerepel. Fiatal nőbetegünket 12 éves kora óta több intézetben vizsgálták intenzív hasi fájdalommal és lázzal járó attakok miatt. A tünettan részeként hányás, hasmenés és mellkasi fájdalom jelentkezett. A gyulladásos epizódok 5–14 napig tartottak, a köztes időszakokban viszont teljesen jól volt. A rohamok alatt készült laboratóriumi vizsgálatok során leukocitózis, valamint emelkedett süllyedés és CRP mutatkozott. Intravazális hemolízisre utalt az anémia, retikulocitózis, magas Sebi, szérum szabad hemoglobin és LDH együttes megjelenése. Az EKG-én inferior és az anteroseptalis elvezetésekben átmenetileg negatív T-hullámok jelentek meg, ami pericarditis lehetőségét vetette fel. Fizikális státuszából kiemelendő a diszkrét, de progrediáló splenomegalia. Kizártuk a porphyriat, glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase-hiányt, PNH-t és C1-inhibitorhiányt. Az autoinflammatorikus betegség miatt elvégzett molekuláris genetikai vizsgálat az MEFV-génmutáció homozigóta formáját, a Familiáris mediterrán láz diagnózisát igazolta. Summary. The familial Mediterranean fever is one of the hereditary autoinflammatory diseases. Its clinical symptoms are mainly determined by acute inflammation of the serous membranes (serositis: peritonitis, pleurisy, synovitis, rarely, pericarditis, meningitis). The background of the disease is mostly represented by autosomal recessively inherited mutations in the MEFV gene encoding the pyrine protein. Its most important complication is amyloidosis, which can lead to renal failure. Colchicine is included in its treatment, as a first-line therapy. Our young female patient has been examined in several institutions since the age of 12 for attacks of intense abdominal pain and fever. The symptoms included vomiting, diarrhea, and chest pain. The inflammatory episodes lasted 5–14 days, but in the intervening periods she was free of symptoms. Laboratory tests performed during the inflammatory periods showed leukocytosis as well as increased ESR and CRP. Intravascular hemolysis was indicated by anemia, reticulocytosis, co-occurrence of high Sebi, serum free hemoglobin and LDH. On the ECG, transiently negative T waves appeared in the inferior and anteroseptal leads, raising the possibility of pericarditis. Of her clinical status, discrete but progressive splenomegaly should be highlighted. Porphyria, glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase deficiency, PNH, and C1 inhibitor deficiency were excluded during our examinations. Molecular genetic testing urged by autoinflammatory disease confirmed a homozygous form of the MEFV gene mutation and established the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever.

Cold-induced urticarial autoinflammatory syndrome related to factor XII activation

Hereditary autoinflammatory diseases are caused by gene mutations of the innate immune pathway, e.g. nucleotide receptor protein 3 (NLRP3). Here, we report a four-generation family with cold-induced urticarial rash, arthralgia, chills, headache and malaise associated with an autosomal-dominant inheritance. Genetic studies identify a substitution mutation in gene F12 (T859A, resulting in p.W268R) which encodes coagulation factor XII (FXII). Functional analysis reveals enhanced autocatalytic cleavage of the mutated protein and spontaneous FXII activation in patient plasma and in supernatant of transfected HEK293 cells expressing recombinant W268R-mutated proteins. Furthermore, we observe reduced plasma prekallikrein, cleaved high molecular weight kininogen and elevated plasma bradykinin. Neutrophils are identified as a local source of FXII. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is upregulated in lesional skin and mononuclear donor cells exposed to recombinant mutant proteins. Treatment with icatibant (bradykinin-B2-antagonist) or anakinra (interleukin-1-antagonist) reduces disease activity in patients. In conclusion, our findings provide a link between contact system activation and cytokine-mediated inflammation.

Recognising and understanding cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome in adults

Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is a group of rare hereditary autoinflammatory diseases characterised by recurrent flares of mild to severe systemic inflammation and fever. CAPS is the umbrella term for a spectrum of individual conditions, namely familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), also known as chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous and articular (CINCA) syndrome. The flare symptoms include fever, fatigue, rashes, headaches, arthralgia and myalgia that can last for a few hours or for several days. These symptoms are debilitating, contributing to poor quality of life for patients if left untreated. Serious life-changing complications such as hearing loss, blindness and AA amyloidosis resulting in kidney failure can occur. Until recently, treatment of the disease was symptomatic using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drugs with limited success. In contrast, biological treatments targeting interleukin 1 (IL-1) have proved remarkably effective, often associated with complete and sustained disease remission, vastly improved quality of life and avoidance of serious long-term complications.

Development of the doctrine of auto-inflammatory diseases in the XXI century

The article presents the development of the doctrine of autoinflammatory diseases (AID) in the last decade. Data on interleukin 1, inflammasomes and their role in the development of AID are presented. The paper also contains the data about interferonopathies and, in particular, proteasomal illnesses as a new class of hereditary autoinflammatory diseases. Variety of AID variants, including diseases with the dominance of one system damage (skin, intestines, bones) is shown. Advances in the AID diagnosis and course assessment of are discussed. Relationship of the AID with the problems of fundamental and clinical rheumatology is demonstrated.

Unified Modeling of Familial Mediterranean Fever and Cryopyrin Associated Periodic Syndromes

Familial mediterranean fever (FMF) and Cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) are two prototypical hereditary autoinflammatory diseases, characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation as a result of mutations inMEFVandNLRP3genes encoding Pyrin and Cryopyrin proteins, respectively. Pyrin and Cryopyrin play key roles in the multiprotein inflammasome complex assembly, which regulates activity of an enzyme, Caspase 1, and its target cytokine, IL-1β. Overproduction of IL-1βby Caspase 1 is the main cause of episodic fever and inflammatory findings in FMF and CAPS. We present a unifying dynamical model for FMF and CAPS in the form of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The model is composed of two subsystems, which capture the interactions and dynamics of the key molecular players and the insults on the immune system. One of the subsystems, which contains a coupled positive-negative feedback motif, captures the dynamics of inflammation formation and regulation. We perform a comprehensive bifurcation analysis of the model and show that it exhibits three modes, capturing the Healthy, FMF, and CAPS cases. The mutations in Pyrin and Cryopyrin are reflected in the values of three parameters in the model. We present extensive simulation results for the model that match clinical observations.