Assessing the Actual Impact of a Cryptojacking Attack on Individual IT Systems and Measuring Legal Responses

Mining cryptocurrencies is much more profitable if one is not paying for equipment or the electricity used for the mining. This is the main reason why cryptojacking has become so prevalent as one of the predominant cybersecurity threats facing Europe today. While the robustness of an organisation is important, one should also know what to do following a security incident or breach. Whilst post-incident analyses are important, an organization should also ascertain their legal standing as well as any possible ways forward after the damage has been done. In order to have a better idea of such a situation, we conducted an in-depth analysis of what a cryptojacking attack would do to our computer network. We did not do that to better protect ourselves, but rather to assess what management can do after an attack happens. Furthermore, we present areas that should be taken into account when assessing damage and propose legal measures effective at the European Union level, relying on criminal, civil and data protection provisions.

Informal Networks in the Black Sea Region

In 2014, local community members nailed a pig’s head to the door of a Muslim boarding house in Kobuleti, a small town in Adjara, to argue that ‘this is a Christian place.’ They expressed fears about the building owner, who was thought to be of Turkish origin. Enlargement of the boarding house was perceived as a possible Islamization of the town and an increase of transborder flows in the region. In this article, I examine the agency of the boarding houses in Adjara through human and non-human actors. At the same time, I look at the legal responses of the state and official structures for controlling informalities embedded in the boarding houses’ networks.

First Nations Peoples, Climate Change, Human Rights and Legal Rights

This article provides a First Nations standpoint on climate change, informed by human rights law and legal education. It is co-authored by a Yuin woman who is a law academic, a Wirdi man who is a Queens Counsel, and a human rights law academic. The article argues that for any responses to climate change to be effective, they must be grounded in the perspectives, knowledge, and rights of First Nations peoples. The utility of human rights instruments to protect First Nation interests in a climate change milieu is explored at the international and domestic levels. Concomitantly, structural change must begin with the Indigenisation of legal education and the embedding of legal responses to climate change into the law curriculum. A holistic approach is necessary.

Terrorist Offenses and Juveniles – a Comparison between Germany and Turkey

Terrorism criminal law and juvenile criminal law are branches of law that modify default criminal law provisions. In terms of their goals, these approaches mostly oppose each other. While the primary purpose of terrorism law is to meet the security needs of society, juvenile criminal law serves the privileged interests of juveniles and their reintegration to that society. With increasing active recruiting of juveniles by terrorist organizations, the question arises of what legal systems are doing in the face of juvenile terrorist offenses. This paper analyses and compares legal responses to terrorist crimes by juveniles in Germany and Turkey. The authors conclude that in Germany juvenile terrorist offenses are granted the benefits of juvenile criminal law to a higher degree than in Turkey. This has various legal and extra-legal reasons; however, in both legal systems reforms seem necessary to react more adequately to this troubling form of juvenile delinquency.

Learning from Lived Experience: Australia’s Legal Response to Forced Marriage

Since the criminalisation of forced marriage in Australia in 2013, the number of cases reported to Australian authorities has risen sharply. This article draws on a qualitative study with eight survivors of forced marriage in Australia to explore survivors understanding of the legal concepts of forced marriage and family violence; experiences of coercion and control in the lead up to, and within, a forced marriage; the obstacles survivors encountered when they sought help; their reflections on justice and the limitations of legal responses to forced marriage; and how survivors can shape law and policy reform. The findings of this study underline the need to reframe Australia’s response to forced marriage to address the complex processes of coercion and control which lead to forced marriage and to create meaningful opportunities for survivors to shape the design, implementation and evaluation of legal and policy responses to forced marriage.

Przeciwdziałanie emisjom do powietrza. Analiza ochrony atmosfery i regulacji dotyczących zanieczyszczeń w Wielkiej Brytanii przed przystąpieniem, w trakcie i po opuszczeniu UE

Air pollution is a severe issue in the United Kingdom. Legal and scientific efforts to combat the deleterious health effects arising from polluted air are wide-ranging but suffer a lack of enforcement. The issue of enforcement is a central theme within this paper; the most stringent or ambitious limits are meaningless without enforcement. Legal responses to specific pollutants and polluting industries are first explored to establish a narrative of the United Kingdom’s approach to air quality protection throughout the Industrial Revolution. Legal issues and regulatory methods during the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union are then discussed in juxtaposition to domestic historical approaches, acknowledging the United Kingdom’s utilisation of displacement methods and general failures to adhere to European Union law. Beyond 2020, the retention and function of EU-derived and domestic legislation is considered in light of Brexit. The United Kingdom faces – post-Brexit – an opportunity for improvement in its atmospheric quality. However, without the enforcement capabilities of the Court of Justice of the European Union there is a real possibility that atmospheric quality in the United Kingdom will face a severe and dangerous regression – becoming, once again, the “dirty man of Europe”.