THE FAILURES OF THE STATE REGULATION AT THE LABOR MARKET AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR MINIMIZATION

International cooperation, the development of the digital economy, and market globalization including the labor market became the reason for the production distribution and the transformation of the sector of employment. The national labor market is under the influence of combined tendencies, which result in diverging effects for its institutional entities. The state meets a number of problems, those restrain the formation of the labor market, which can meet modern economic needs and social challenges. The failures of the state regulation at the labor market are examined and combined into blocks, the main problems of each group (block) are highlighted; their solving will specify the state politics in the sector of employment. The methods of research such as system analysis, comparative analysis, structural-functional analysis, method of statistical aggregation, expert evaluation, etc. are used. The system of failures of state regulation at the labor market is examined. It is structured according to the generalized groups: delayed development and archaic nature of the employment structure, atypicality of labor market adaptation, disequilibrium of the labor market, destruction of social dialogue at the labor market, inequality of incomes, the low level of employment law enforcement. The development entities, manifest particularity, possible negative outcomes, their easing, and the ways out are specified for each group, which characterizes the failures of the state regulation at the labor market. The public policy in the sector of employment, which will form the unique possibility to act in a new way giving the priorities to the new elements, principles, and rules of cooperation at the labor market in the context of uncertainty and perpetual crisis is proposed. The importance of the development of the state regulation strategic course according to the generalized groups, which specifies the manifests of Ukrainian and European labor markets’ divergence is highlighted.

Opportunity and inequality in the emerging esports labor market

Esports is often described as a growing industry ripe with financial opportunities for young professional, competitive gamers. However, these claims rarely consider how income is distributed amongst players. This study uses prize earnings data from 2005 to 2019 to examine labor market inequality and related social inequalities and social stratifications. Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients show that inequality has increased in the labor market overall and the labor markets for the five top games based on total prizes awarded ( Dota 2, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Fortnite, League of Legends, StarCraft II). Competitors can expect to earn more today than in 2005, but median incomes have shown sporadic and inconsistent growth compared with top incomes. Moreover, most competitors earn less than the US poverty threshold. Comparing the earnings of the top female players to the whole labor market shows that gender inequalities exist in median incomes and the likelihood of earning more than the poverty threshold. The esports labor market is an engine of inequality that provides opportunities for a few (primarily male) competitors while building a growing class of lowly paid players who support the interests of game designers and event organizers.

How India’s Caste Inequality Has Persisted—and Deepened in the Pandemic

The economic impact of COVID-19 has been much harder on those at the bottom of the caste ladder in India, reflecting the persistence of a system of social stigmatization that many Indians believe is a thing of the past. Untouchability has been outlawed since 1947, and an affirmative action program has lowered some barriers for stigmatized caste groups. But during the pandemic, members of lower castes suffered heavier job losses due to their higher representation in precarious daily wage jobs and their lower levels of education. Lower caste families are less able to help their children with remote learning, which threatens to worsen labor market inequality in India. But Dalits, at the bottom of the caste ladder, have recently.

When Opportunity Knocks: Confronting Theory and Empirics About Dynamics of Gender Wage Inequality

We present empirical evidence that large structural shocks are followed by changes in labor market inequality. Specifically, we study short-run fluctuations in adjusted gender wage gaps (unequal pay for equal work) following episodes of structural shocks in the labor markets, using several decades of individual data for a wide selection of transition countries. We find that for cohorts who entered the labor market after the onset of transition. Labor market shocks lead to significant declines in the gender wage gap. This decrease is driven mostly by episodes experienced among cohorts who enter the labor market during the transition. By contrast, we fail to find any significant relation for cohorts already active in the labor market at the time of transition. We provide plausible explanations based on sociological and economic theories of inequality.