Frequently Asked Questions

This chapter comprises answers to a number of questions that are often asked about the Grondona system by people wishing to understand how it differs from other policy proposals. The questions covered include whether it is a commodity standard, whether it uses buffer-stocks, how it is possible for a single country to have a significant influence, how it can be better than an international system, whether the system could use a crypto-currency, why such government intervention in markets could be beneficial, and other questions. Although some of the content unavoidably repeats what is explained in other chapters, it is hoped that it will be helpful to readers to be able to focus on specific issues in this way.

Reasons to counterfeit: Supply, demand and distribution of counterfeit goods

This research empathizes with the opportunities that drive demand for counterfeit goods. Governments, organizations and rights holders struggle to regulate the distribution and consumption of counterfeit products, so that consumer awareness has emerged as to what goods people counterfeit, and most importantly, why people intentionally buy counterfeit items. This article illustrates the incentives that inspire buyers to purchase counterfeit products, tactics that brand owners use to fuel their interest. It involves the development of demand, marketing tactics, and the implementation of consumer approach strategies by brands. It also reveals the complicated logistics and transporting routes creating manufacturing and transit hubs for counterfeiting,; it also demonstrates the lack of government intervention as well as the desperate need for policy revision. This article shows counterfeiting is phenomenon that governments, organizations, and most importantly, consumers all have equal interest in fighting against.

RELEVANSI HADIS TAS’IR (PENETAPAN HARGA) TERHADAP SISTEM PEREKONOMIAN DI INDONESIA

<p><span lang="IN">Intervensi pemerintah </span><span>terhadap</span><span lang="IN"> pasar dipandang suatu kebutuhan, tujuannya adalah dalam rangka melindungi konsumen dari unsur kerugian atau kemadharatan. Namun demikian, dalam literature hadis, sebagian narasi mengindikasikan adanya larangan intervensi pemimpin dalam mengatur mekanisme penetapan harga pasar. Ditinjau dengan menggunakan pendekatan kontekstual, perkembangan tradisi, kultur, budaya, serta lahirnya kompleksitas problematika baru justru mendorong pemerintah dan para sarjana muslim untuk mereinterpretasi pemahaman baru terkait hadis tas’ir sehingga berimplikasi dalam memberikan solusi alternatif terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi yang mapan dan produktif. Tujuan studi literature ini dalam rangka melacak hadis-hadis tas’ir serta bagaimana bangunan konstruksi pemahaman para ulama dalam menafsirkan makna hadis tas’ir tersebut. Koleksi hadis tas’ir dikumpulkan dari beragam kitab-kitab turats hadis, lalu dianalisi</span><span>s</span><span lang="IN"> menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik. Temuan penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa tas’īr diperbolehkan oleh para ulama dengan beberapa dhowābith. Hal ini menunjukkan Kontekstualisasi pemahaman hadis sangat penting agar Islam tidak kaku terhadap perkembangan zaman. Islam menjadi responsif terhadap tantangan dan permasalahan yang muncul. Sehingga Islam menjadi <em>shalihun li kulli makan wa zaman</em>.</span></p><div><span lang="IN">[<strong><span lang="IN">The Relevance </span><span>o</span><span lang="IN">f The <em>Tas'ir</em> Hadith (Price Setting) </span><span>t</span><span lang="IN">o The Economic System </span><span>i</span><span lang="IN">n Indonesia</span></strong><span>. </span><span lang="IN">Government intervention in market policies is seen as a necessity, the aim is to protect consumers from elements of loss or harm. However, in the hadith literature, some narratives indicate that there is a prohibition on the intervention of the leader in regulating the market pricing mechanism. Judging by using a contextual approach, the development of traditions, culture, culture, and the birth of new problematic complexities actually encourage the government and Muslim scholars to reinterpret new understandings related to the tas'ir hadith so that it has implications for developing alternative solutions to established and productive economic policies. The purpose of this literature study is to trace the traditions of tas'ir and how to construct the understanding of the scholars in interpreting the meaning of the hadith of tas'ir. The collection of tas'ir hadiths was collected from various turats hadith books, then analyzed using descriptive analytic methods. The findings of this study show that tas'īr is allowed by scholars with several dhowābith. This shows the contextualization of the understanding of hadith is very important so that Islam is not rigid to the times. Islam becomes responsive to the challenges and problems that arise. So that Islam becomes shālihun li kulli makān wa zamān.]</span></span></div>

The Impact of Movement Control Order on Rural Livelihood in Malaysia

In 2020, the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) had a global impact on normal daily life. The Government of Malaysia officially declared the Movement Control Order (MCO), an official national lockdown, to reduce the virus’s spread. In the face of the unprecedented global health pandemic, Malaysia had struggled to protect its citizens’ welfare and livelihoods, particularly in the hardest-hit rural areas. Therefore, this study uses the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) focusing on the aspect of financial assets and government intervention to enhance understanding on the vulnerability in rural area’s livelihood. Pasir Puteh, Kelantan was identified as the rural area for this study. The analysis was performed on a questionnaire survey based on convenience sampling of 62 respondents. Cross table analysis and a correlation test were used to examine the livelihood of the rural area concerning the financial assets, government intervention and vulnerability. The findings indicated that the MCO had a substantial impact on the rural area regarding the vulnerability toward the financial assets, such as employment status, job loss, increasing living costs, and an insufficient response to rural economic challenges. At the same time, there is no substantial government intervention in the welfare of rural areas. According to the results, the study concluded that the government should set up training courses to assist in the long-term recovery of rural areas due to the enforced lockdown, which has adversely affected rural livelihoods.

Research on the Driving Factors for the Development of Inclusive Finance in Rural Commercial Banks: Market Competition or Government Intervention?

Based on the survey data of 43 rural commercial banks in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2015 to 2018, 14 indicators among 3 dimensions—coverage, business implementation and service quality—were selected to establish the inclusive finance index of rural commercial banks. The impact of market competition and government intervention on the development of the inclusive finance of rural commercial banks and the mechanism were empirically tested. The heterogeneous performance of market competition and government intervention in different market conditions were also thoroughly discussed. The results show that both market competition and government intervention can help reduce the pricing level and broaden the service coverage of rural commercial banks, which can promote the development of inclusive finance. But the role of market competition has a stronger impact than that of government intervention. The heterogeneity test shows that market competition plays a more significant role in the regions with higher levels of market competition and financial development, and in the southern and central Jiangsu Province, where the economy is relatively more developed. However, in the regions with lower levels of market competition and financial development, as well as in the northern Jiangsu Province, with a relatively backward economy, government intervention significantly improves the degree of inclusive finance of rural commercial banks. Finally, we advocate that the roles of market and government should be applied according to local conditions, and the development of the inclusive finance in rural commercial banks needs to be continuously promoted.

Individual entrepreneurial orientation on MSME's performance: the mediating effect of employee motivation and the moderating effect of government intervention

PurposeThis research would like to address the issues associated with individual entrepreneurial orientation, which involves entrepreneurial leadership and entrepreneurial ability as the key determinants of MSME growth. It will also explore both mediating and moderating roles of employee motivation and government intervention, respectively during the pandemic situation.Design/methodology/approachA purposive sampling technique was applied during pilot study and during the final data collection phases. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted using varimax rotation to reduce a large number of variables into a smaller set of interpretable underlying factors. Further CFA and SEM are respectively applied to examine the psychometric properties of the scales and test the hypotheses of the research model.FindingsThe study's findings revealed a favourable association between entrepreneurial orientation, business financing, management, market practices, and MSME growth performance. The results support the notion that government policy plays a significant role as a full moderator.Practical implicationsAlthough the MSME sector receives government support, its implementation requires a skilled leader who can run the business profitability. The findings support this objective.Originality/valueThis paper seeks to give important insights into one of the understudied but quickly expanding MSME entrepreneurship, and how this environment influences individual entrepreneurial orientation and the formation of entrepreneurial leadership. This opens up a previously unexplored area for fresh insights and future study on enhancing entrepreneurship development research and practice for the MSME sector.