The transformation of outer space into a warfighting domain in the 21st century

The article deals with the process of the transformation of outer space into a warfighting domain in the 21st century. During the Cold War, outer space was a place of understanding and peaceful competition between superpowers. Militarization has existed since the beginning of the Space Age, excluding the weaponization of space until the beginning of the 21st century. The absence of an international regime to prevent the weaponization of space and technological advances opens up new opportunities for states in their quest to increase power. The theoretical paradigm is a realistic perspective of international institutions as a reflection of the most powerful state?s minimum consensus on a mechanism for reducing their costs. Successfully tested anti-satellite weapons open new questions about the defense of vulnerable space installations from enemy attacks. The author's prognostic thesis refers to the new race in space weapons and the matter of time when lasers, plasma weapons, kinetic bombardment, and other types of space weapons will see the light of day. The strategic balance will remain untouched until the invention of a superior space weapon able to neutralize the existing offensive capacities of the states and erase the second strike capability appears. The author concludes that international institutions cannot limit the ambitions of states in conquering space because they do not want to give up that potential, but that a limited space war is unlikely.

As Russia trials space weapons, cost is a constraint

Headline RUSSIA: Cost is a constraint for space weapons

Absolute Weapons, Lightning Wars, and Ultimate Positions

The initial development of large rockets was driven by military rivalry. The von Braun programs of military space expansionism are a ladder of projects starting with bombardment and culminating in planetary dominance, each considered in detail in this chapter. Ballistic missiles hurling nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances are commonly not considered space weapons but inherently are because they employ the frictionless vacuum of space to achieve their distinctive high speed. This means humanity’s largest and most consequential space program is hiding in plain sight, an unknown known. Information satellite force multipliers increase the potency of other weapons. There are many ways to destroy satellites, and an antisatellite race is starting. Shooting down ballistic missiles remains largely impossible, despite vast expenditures. Wrapping orbital space with hundreds of satellite battle stations, an “Earth Net,” might roll back the nuclear revolution and establish planetary hegemony. Visionary astro-Archimedeans propose stationing nuclear weapons in deep space, and using asteroids as planetoid bombs.