Contemporary Mainstream Bengali Movies and Societal Perceptions towards Rape: Legal Perspectives

Incidents like the rape of late have been grabbing the spotlight which is one of the most significant challenges in Bangladesh. This paper aims to assess people's perceptions by establishing a link between movies and society. This paper goes on to discuss people's perceptions of rape as well as how rape is depicted in Bengali films. While addressing how these portrayals affect people's perceptions in general, this research will also address whether or not the filmmakers open themselves up to any social or legal responsibilities to society. As a result, this study sought to examine to extend a film could indeed change a viewer’s perceptions and behavior from a socio-legal context. This paper further briefly discusses the existing laws to prevent rape and censorship rules for Bengali movies. The paper will identify the major setbacks in existing legal instruments and possible legal recourses to address the setbacks.

The False Promise of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016?

In this Introduction, Indonesia’s approach towards refugee protection is contextualized historically and regionally in light of the enactment of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees (PR). In particular, we describe the legal and policy framework for refugee protection in Indonesia and analyze its underlying norms and values, including the constitutional right to asylum. We explain how the legal framework competes with Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration, which facilitates a discretionary, securitized, and ‘humanitarian’ approach to refugee policy, which is inconsistent with Indonesia’s legal responsibilities. In conclusion, we assess both the challenges and opportunities provided by the PR.

The Ethics of Automated Vehicles: Why Self-driving Cars Should not Swerve in Dilemma Cases

In this paper, I will argue that automated vehicles should not swerve to avoid a person or vehicle in its path, unless they can do so without imposing risks onto others. I will argue that this is the conclusion that we should reach even if we start by assuming that we should divert the trolley in the standard trolley case (in which the trolley will hit and kill five people on the track, unless it is diverted onto a different track, where it will hit and kill just one person). In defence of this claim, I appeal to the distribution of moral and legal responsibilities, highlighting the importance of safe spaces, and arguing in favour of constraints on what can be done to minimise casualties. My arguments draw on the methodology associated with the trolley problem. As such, this paper also defends this methodology, highlighting a number of ways in which authors misunderstand and misrepresent the trolley problem. For example, the ‘trolley problem’ is not the ‘name given by philosophers to classic examples of unavoidable crash scenarios, historically involving runaway trolleys’, as Millar suggests, and trolley cases should not be compared with ‘model building in the (social) sciences’, as Gogoll and Müller suggest. Trolley cases have more in common with lab experiments than model building, and the problem referred to in the trolley problem is not the problem of deciding what to do in any one case. Rather, it refers to the problem of explaining what appear to be conflicting intuitions when we consider two cases together. The problem, for example, could be: how do we justify the claim that automated vehicles should not swerve even if we accept the claim that we should divert the trolley in an apparently similar trolley case?

Architect & Law

Architecture, from one point of view, is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. Due to the scope and extent of architecture, many factors affect the architectural business and professional work. One of these factors, which has an enormous impact on this profession, is the legal rules and regulations related to architectural practices. Architects are obliged to deal with different professional affairs and client issues from the beginning of their careers. Hence, architects must be aware of the rules and procedures and use them to promote their professionalism. The law should not be seen as an inconvenient factor or a burden but as a criterion for recognising the rights of individuals in a society. In the event of a professional dispute, the architect should be aware of his/ her own and others' legal responsibilities. The architect should be aware of the basic legal information and current law related to the architectural field and know that ignorance of the law does not relieve legal responsibilities. In other words, “Ignorance of the law is no excuse in any country. If it were, the laws would lose their effect, because it can always be pretended” .This book discusses the legal factors affecting the architects’ professional activities, and the necessary general knowledge of the law. In summary, it provides an introductory framework for the understanding of the legal, contractual, and procedural implications of architectural practices. The construction industry is generally a messy and high-risk business with significant amounts of money involved. Problems and misunderstandings typically end up in some form of dispute resolution. This book clearly explains the parties involved in the construction contracts and defines the professional relationships between the architects and the clients, consultants, contractors, engineers, construction managers, and so on. Furthermore, you can find information about resolution paths and necessary procedures to resolve disputes when they arise. The present book is in Persian and consists of 11 chapters. The book is a comprehensive collection that provides the necessary information related to the law from the graduation of an architect to the stage of practice, pathways to qualify as an architect, establishing the architectural office, contract formation, tendering process, dispute resolution, and many more issues.The 1st edition of the book ‘Architect & Law’ was published by Alborz Fardanesh Publications in 2013.

Tanggung Jawab Pidana Korban Pemerkosaan Aborsi Janin Ditinjau dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia

Indonesia is a Legal State whose all aspects of citizens' lives are always rules and norms, be it sanctions or legal responsibilities that participate in growing in society. Responsibilitycan not only be imposedon the wrong-maker but the victim can shoulder this. From the statement, there are problems, namely the legal protection of victims of fetal abortion rape reviewed from a human rights perspective and criminal sanctions againstfetal abortion perpetrators based on human rights. This study aims to determine how the law of covering rape victims who perform fetal abortion. This writing uses the normative legal writing method where the writing is about principles, norms, and rules. In this writing the rape victim who decided to abort her fetus, this certainly makes the responsibility carried also by the victim who abortions her fetus caused by rape and makes the pregnancy that is not stopped that leads to abortion. Surely this is very contrary to the criminal law as well as the human rights of thefetus. Thispaper describesthat the responsibility of rape victims to the fetus abortion can be seen in terms of the human rights of a fetus and the victim himself.

Perceptions of a Surgical Team About the Ethical and Legal Responsibilities of Forgetting Foreign Bodies in Patient Bodies and Other Errors

Background: Retained surgical items (RSIs) represent a real and ongoing problem, but it is preventable. Its real incidence is unknown because of underreporting resulting from the fear of lawsuits for medical errors. This study aimed to describe the perception of the members of a surgical team about their ethical and legal responsibilities related to medical errors, specifically concerning the presence of RSIs. Methods: This qualitative, descriptive, and interpretative study focused on the perceptions of the members of a surgical team on the ethical and legal problems they may face because of the presence of RSIs. Continuous saturation sampling was performed by interviewing 17 professional members of the surgical team. Atlas Ti 8.0® program was used for analyzing the data obtained. It traced the categories by means of content analysis of the perceptions and practices during possible ethical and legal responsibilities because of medical errors. Results: The interviewees were conflicted between complicity and justice, as it is a duty to report events or actions that put the lives of surgical patients at risk.Conclusions: The lack of awareness about the rules and believing that human errors are inevitable lead to normalizing errors, which does not allow professionals to face the risk and, therefore, to avoid it.