O que é ‘Metametafisica’? Uma Análise das Metodologias de Meinong, Carnap e Quine

A Metametafísica é o estudo sobre os fundamentos e a metodologia da Metafísica. Analisaremos neste artigo três metodologias que marcaram as origens da Metametafísica na Tradição Analítica: a de Alexius Meinong, Rudolf Carnap e Willard van Orman Quine. De acordo com Meinong, há uma distinção entre ‘existir’ e ‘haver’ e, para preservar a intuição de que todo ato intencional é direcionado a um objeto, há coisas que não existem. Segundo Carnap, as perguntas em Metafísica podem ser facilmente respondidas por meios empíricos ou inferenciais, desde que adotemos um sistema de referência linguístico (framework) e respondamos às questões internamente a esse framework. Já Quine argumentou que tomar uma entidade com sendo existente é tomá-la como o valor de uma variável ligada. A Metametafísica é relevante porque desambigua o nosso vocabulário e evita que os filósofos e filósofas se envolvam em meras disputas verbais. O nosso objetivo neste artigo não foi explicitar a nossa predileção por alguma dessas metodologias, mas fornecer um ponto de partida para os que não estão familiarizados com essas discussões — de modo que outros pesquisadores e pesquisadoras se engajem com as questões pertencentes à Metametafísica.

Alexius Meinong's Extraontology

The notion of Ausersein/outbeing, proposed by Alexius Meinong, was for a long time in the shadow of the principle of the Ausersein of a pure object, which made it possible to make non-existent objects part of a judgment. This principle was adopted by many followers of Meinong within the framework of analytical philosophy, but the very concept of Ausersein was almost totally ignored. When it’s become an object of research, there appeared several interpretations of it. It was interpreted either as a way of describing the ontological status of non-existent objects, or as a basic property of all objects without exception. Dale Jacquette suggests interpreting Ausersein as extraontology, i.e. a metasemantic category that includes all items. In this article, we will analyse the arguments of modern interpreters of this notion and try to find out which interpretation is most correct.

Justification of atemporal values in Alexius Meinong’s theory of objects

In the history of philosophy, Alexius Meinong?s interest in axiology has traditionally been seen as confined to his earlier works. However, if we analyze his writing after 1917, in which Meinong discusses timeless values, it becomes clear that he became increasingly disinterested in psychology. Moreover, since the theory of the object, in Meinong?s view, could not be a part of metaphysics, he had to deal with the additional methodological difficulty of proving that the good exists independently of human subjectivity. The article discusses A. Meinong?s understanding of the object of desire, the object of a value-feeling and the connection between ethical values as objects of consciousness and time. It is shown that, according to Meinong, language is where values actually reside and only through language can their reality be explained.

Materialist Politics

This essay discusses the problem of materialism and its relation to politics through readings of Deleuze’s ontology. It recounts the “hidden tradition” of materialism in an Althusserian sense and brings about the idea of materialist politics by investigating the relationship between Alexius Meinong and Gilles Deleuze.

Fait, fiction et assomption : Les puissances cognitives de l’imagination selon Meinong

L’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier la théorie de l’assomption élaborée par Alexius Meinong sous l’angle d’une réflexion sur le caractère cognitif de l’imagination. Grâce à sa théorie de l’assomption, le philosophe autrichien a en effet offert une interprétation de l’imagination qui va pleinement dans le sens d’une reconnaissance du caractère cognitif de celle-ci. Il s’agira de voir comment Meinong réussit à saisir la singularité de cette activité intellectuelle, dont le mode propre de réalisation semble être le discours, et dont le type d’objets qu’elle appréhende consiste en des objets concrets inexistants. Pour mener à bien ce projet d’une mise en tension de l’assomption et de l’imagination, il faudra passer par une lecture sémantique de la théorie de l’objet.