The Heraclian Revolution

The initial impetus behind the revolutionary movement which brought Phocas down in October 610 is located in North Africa. In the name of the Senate, Heraclius and his father, the governor, built up support among the Berbers and wooed disaffected elements in Egypt and its western approaches (608), preparing the way for the stage-managed takeover of Alexandria (spring 609). Demonstrations of opposition to Phocas elsewhere in the Levant were brutally suppressed by Bonosus, who, with a small, swift-moving force, then tried and failed to drive the rebels from Egypt (609). Meanwhile, Heraclius was promoting disaffection from his base on Cyprus, before, in 610, leading the rebel fleet against Constantinople, gaining the formal support of the Senate, and capturing the city. The Phocas regime’s vulnerability is partly explicable by its commitment to the Persian war. There were no significant troop withdrawals from either of the fronts.

The Embrace of an Empire, 1801–1813

This chapter clarifies the forging of the Russo-Armenian political partnership in the fires of the First Russo-Persian War, during which the shah's Armenians systematically assisted the tsar's military and political agents. It examines Russo-Georgian and Armeno-Georgian tensions and Russia's rivalries with its Western and Eastern counterparts. The chapter also explores how, and why, Armenians emerged as imperial Russia's primary partners in the early nineteenth century. Although the political symbiosis between Russia and Armenia blossomed in that era, they were already familiar to each other well before the onset of tsarist imperialism in the Caucasus. It investigates the Russo-Armenian encounter that happened centuries before the Romanov incorporation of Eastern Armenia in 1828.

Armenians in the Russian Political Imagination, 1814–1829

This chapter traces the political and economic factors that rendered Armenians key to tsarist imperialism. It focuses particularly on Russia's conquest of Eastern Armenia during the Second Russo-Persian War, on the Lazarev family of entrepreneurs, and on the inconsistent economic policies that governed the commerce of Armenians in several southern Russian regions. The chapter also explores the contingent objectives of an imperial project aimed toward distinct communities of the Armenian diaspora. It illustrates impoverished immigrants from the Ottoman and Persian empires, established merchants in southern Russia, and elite families aspiring for social and political prominence in St. Petersburg and Moscow. It also analyzes how the autocracy both recruited and distrusted Armenians from abroad and promoted and restrained the commerce of Armenians already settled in southern Russian cities.

Tłumaczenia i recepcja w Europie i Turcji prac Judy Tadeusza Krusińskiego SI o wojnie afgańsko-perskiej i upadku dynastii Safawidów

European and Turkish translations and reception of works by Juda Tadeusz Krusiński SI regarding the Afghan-Persian war and the fall of the Safavid dynasty This article discusses the process of developing, editing and translating a Latin text written by the Polish Jesuit J.T. Krusiński dedicated to the reasons behind the fall of the Safavid dynasty and to the course of the Afghan-Persian War. The first manuscript was titled by the author as Historia revolutionis persicae. The Latin text, which was prepared in Rome, was then sent to Paris where it wasnot only translated into French, but also significantly modified and shortened by A. du Cerceau. The French paraphrase, published in 1728, became the basis for the English and Italian editions. Another version of Krusiński’s work was prepared and published in German by J. Stöcklein. He used not only the French edition, but also the Latin original of Krusiński’s text, which he had received from Vienna, as well as other sources. For the needs of the Ottoman court, Krusiński reviewed the Latin version, which was then translated and published in Turkish in 1729. This last edition caused a sharp dispute over the authorship of the Turkish translation between Krusiński and Ibrahim Mütaferrika, head of the Istanbul printing house. The Turkish edition of Father Juda Tadeusz Krusiński’s work complicated its reception in Europe even more, especially after the Turkish version had been retranslated into Latin by J.Ch. Clodius. The manuscripts stored in the Vienna library make it possible to trace the stages of developement of Krusiński’s work, which culminated in the publication of the book Tragica vertentis … (Lviv, 1740), his most comprehensive study of the Persian revolution.