The X-ray, Raman and TEM Signatures of Cellulose-Derived Carbons Explained

Structural properties of carbonized cellulose were explored to conjugate the outcomes from various characterization techniques, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. All these techniques have evidenced the formation of graphene stacks with a size distribution. Cellulose carbonized at 1000 and 1800 °C at a heating rate of 2 °C/min showed meaningful differences in Raman spectroscopy, whereas in XRD, the differences were not well pronounced, which implies that the crystallite sizes calculated by each technique have different significations. In the XRD patterns, the origin of a specific feature at a low scattering angle commonly reported in the literature but poorly explained so far, was identified. The different approaches used in this study were congruous in explaining the observations that were made on the cellulose-derived carbon samples. The remnants of the basic structural unit (BSU) are developed during primary carbonization. Small graphene-based crystallites inherited from the BSUs, which formerly developed during primary carbonization, were found to coexist with larger ones. Even if the three techniques give information on the average size of graphenic domains, they do not see the same characteristics of the domains; hence, they are not identical, nor contradictory but complementary. The arguments developed in the work to explain which characteristics are deduced from the signal obtained by each of the three characterization techniques relate to physics phenomena; hence, they are quite general and, therefore, are valid for all kind of graphenic materials.

Corrosion behavior and mechanism of X80 steel in silty soil under the combined effect of salt and temperature

The combined effect of salt and temperature on the corrosion behavior of X80 steel in silty soil was studied by microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques and electrochemical measurements.

Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques for Polymer Nanocomposite Characterization

During past decades, spectroscopic techniques find wide range of applications ranging from biological applications to the measurement of chemical composition and characterization of variety of substances i.e., polymers, nanocomposites etc. Nanocomposites are emerging and growing materials having wide variety of uses. To study the characteristic properties, characterize, and development of new materials using polymer nanocomposites, several molecular characterization techniques are available and are in use today. Principle objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge in current characterization techniques and to study the applications of fluorescence, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, besides Raman molecular characterization techniques for characterization of polymers, filler, and composites. Fluorescence technique did not provide detailed analysis of materials while solid-state NMR spectroscopy determine silanol hydroxyl groups at the silica exterior in addition to their interactions with polymer and polymer-filler interfacial interactions (via relaxation time). For characterization of various kinds of functional groups in polymer/ fillers, infrared spectroscopy employed. While Raman spectroscopy finds extensive applications for analysis of carbon-based materials. Novelty of this review is that till yet very few review papers have been published which briefly describe all these mentioned techniques along their applications in a very simple and an effective way.

Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques for Polymer Nanocomposite Characterization

During past decades, spectroscopic techniques find wide range of applications ranging from biological applications to the measurement of chemical composition and characterization of variety of substances i.e., polymers, nanocomposites etc. Nanocomposites are emerging and growing materials having wide variety of uses. To study the characteristic properties, characterize, and development of new materials using polymer nanocomposites, several molecular characterization techniques are available and are in use today. Principle objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge in current characterization techniques and to study the applications of fluorescence, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, besides Raman molecular characterization techniques for characterization of polymers, filler, and composites. Fluorescence technique did not provide detailed analysis of materials while solid-state NMR spectroscopy determine silanol hydroxyl groups at the silica exterior in addition to their interactions with polymer and polymer-filler interfacial interactions (via relaxation time). For characterization of various kinds of functional groups in polymer/ fillers, infrared spectroscopy employed. While Raman spectroscopy finds extensive applications for analysis of carbon-based materials. Novelty of this review is that till yet very few review papers have been published which briefly describe all these mentioned techniques along their applications in a very simple and an effective way.