Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques for Polymer Nanocomposite Characterization

Polymer Nanocomposite ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Characterization Techniques ◽

Wide Range ◽

Polymer Fillers ◽

Principle Objective

Abstract During past decades, spectroscopic techniques find wide range of applications ranging from biological applications to the measurement of chemical composition and characterization of variety of substances i.e., polymers, nanocomposites etc. Nanocomposites are emerging and growing materials having wide variety of uses. To study the characteristic properties, characterize, and development of new materials using polymer nanocomposites, several molecular characterization techniques are available and are in use today. Principle objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge in current characterization techniques and to study the applications of fluorescence, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared, besides Raman molecular characterization techniques for characterization of polymers, filler, and composites. Fluorescence technique did not provide detailed analysis of materials while solid-state NMR spectroscopy determine silanol hydroxyl groups at the silica exterior in addition to their interactions with polymer and polymer-filler interfacial interactions (via relaxation time). For characterization of various kinds of functional groups in polymer/ fillers, infrared spectroscopy employed. While Raman spectroscopy finds extensive applications for analysis of carbon-based materials. Novelty of this review is that till yet very few review papers have been published which briefly describe all these mentioned techniques along their applications in a very simple and an effective way.

Synthesis, Fabrication, and Characterization of Functionalized Polydiacetylene Containing Cellulose Nanofibrous Composites for Colorimetric Sensing of Organophosphate Compounds

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11081869 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1869

Author(s):

A K M Mashud Alam ◽

Donovan Jenks ◽

George A. Kraus ◽

Chunhui Xiang

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Colorimetric Sensing ◽

Electrospinning Technique ◽

Hazardous Chemical ◽

Tensile Tester ◽

Vis Spectroscopy ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Landmark Study

Organophosphate (OP) compounds, a family of highly hazardous chemical compounds included in nerve agents and pesticides, have been linked to more than 250,000 annual deaths connected to various chronic diseases. However, a solid-state sensing system that is able to be integrated into a clothing system is rare in the literature. This study aims to develop a nanofiber-based solid-state polymeric material as a soft sensor to detect OP compounds present in the environment. Esters of polydiacetylene were synthesized and incorporated into a cellulose acetate nanocomposite fibrous assembly developed with an electrospinning technique, which was then hydrolyzed to generate more hydroxyl groups for OP binding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Instron® tensile tester, contact angle analyzer, and UV–Vis spectroscopy were employed for characterizations. Upon hydrolysis, polydiacetylene esters in the cellulosic fiber matrix were found unaffected by hydrolysis treatment, which made the composites suitable for OP sensing. Furthermore, the nanofibrous (NF) composites exhibited tensile properties suitable to be used as a textile material. Finally, the NF composites exhibited colorimetric sensing of OP, which is visible to the naked eye. This research is a landmark study toward the development of OP sensing in a protective clothing system.

Belonolaimidae: Belonolaimus species.

10.1079/9781789247367.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100-105

Author(s):

Ziaul Haque ◽

Mujeebur Rahman Khan

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Risk Analysis ◽

Economic Importance ◽

Detailed Account ◽

Pest Risk Analysis ◽

Management Measures ◽

Wide Range ◽

Pest Risk

Abstract The sting nematode, Belonolaimus spp., is one of the most destructive nematode pests of turfgrass and attacks a wide range of monocotyledonous plants and gymnosperms, including vegetables, legumes, cereals, etc. This chapter includes information on: geographical distribution; host ranges; symptoms; biology and life cycle; ecology; physiological races; economic importance; invasiveness; pest risk analysis; movement and means of dispersal; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, cytogenetic and molecular characterization, of Belonolaimus species.

Solid-State NMR Techniques for the Structural Characterization of Cyclic Aggregates Based on Borane–Phosphane Frustrated Lewis Pairs

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25061400 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 1400 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert Knitsch ◽

Melanie Brinkkötter ◽

Thomas Wiegand ◽

Gerald Kehr ◽

Gerhard Erker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Structural Characterization ◽

Solid State Nmr ◽

Magic Angle ◽

Frustrated Lewis Pairs ◽

Wide Range ◽

Nmr Techniques ◽

Nmr Methods ◽

Lewis Pairs

Modern solid-state NMR techniques offer a wide range of opportunities for the structural characterization of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), their aggregates, and the products of cooperative addition reactions at their two Lewis centers. This information is extremely valuable for materials that elude structural characterization by X-ray diffraction because of their nanocrystalline or amorphous character, (pseudo-)polymorphism, or other types of disordering phenomena inherent in the solid state. Aside from simple chemical shift measurements using single-pulse or cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning NMR detection techniques, the availability of advanced multidimensional and double-resonance NMR methods greatly deepened the informational content of these experiments. In particular, methods quantifying the magnetic dipole–dipole interaction strengths and indirect spin–spin interactions prove useful for the measurement of intermolecular association, connectivity, assessment of FLP–ligand distributions, and the stereochemistry of adducts. The present review illustrates several important solid-state NMR methods with some insightful applications to open questions in FLP chemistry, with a particular focus on supramolecular associates.

Efficient Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel Nitro-Schiff Bases and Their Complexes of Nickel(II) and Copper(II)

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/701826 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hossein Naeimi ◽

Mohsen Moradian

Keyword(s):

Schiff Base ◽

Schiff Base Complexes ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Planar Geometry ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Spectral Techniques ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Ft Ir

Synthesis and characterization of some new Schiff base ligands derived from various diamines and nitrosalicylaldehyde and their complexes of Ni(II) and Cu(II) are reported. Several spectral techniques such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, and NMR spectra were used to identify the chemical structures of the reported ligands and their complexes. The ligands are found to be bound to the metal atom through the oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl groups and nitrogen atoms of imine groups, which is also supported by spectroscopic techniques. The results obtained by FT-IR and NMR showed that the Schiff base complexes of transition metal (II) have square-planar geometry.

Emission and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Laser-Ablated Titanium Plume

10.1115/imece1999-1080 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Schubert S. Chu ◽

Costas P. Grigoropoulos

Keyword(s):

Time Of Flight ◽

Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽

Wide Range ◽

Optical Time ◽

Background Gas ◽

Spectrally Resolved ◽

Deposited Film

Abstract Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of thin films has evolved into a well-recognized technique for a wide range of materials and in a variety of devices. There is great interest in the energy characterization of the ablated plume because this is a key parameter in determining the quality of the deposited film. Spectroscopic techniques, such as optical time-of-flight (TOF,) emission spectroscopy, and laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) are excellent methods for this purpose since they offer temporal and spatial resolution as well as the capability of distinguishing different species. The effects of laser fluence and background gas pressure on the kinetic energies of the ablated species were found by the optical time-of flight technique and by emission imaging. Furthermore, laser-induced-fluorescence was employed for spectrally resolved imaging. The results provide additional data on the kinetic energy and the distribution of neutral titanium. The axial velocity of neutral titanium was found to be as high as 2 × 104 m/s. The distribution of species within the plume was also determined.

A review of bacterial-degradation of pesticides

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9950925 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 33 (6) ◽

pp. 925 ◽

Cited By ~ 135

Author(s):

J Aislabie ◽

G Lloyd-Jones

Keyword(s):

Microbial Activity ◽

Microbial Degradation ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Bacterial Degradation ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Wide Range ◽

Degradative Enzymes

Pesticide fate in the environment is affected by microbial activity. Some pesticides are readily degraded by microorganisms, others have proven to be recalcitrant. A diverse group of bacteria, including members of the genera Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus, metabolize pesticides. Microbial degradation depends not only on the presence of microbes with the appropriate degradative enzymes, but also on a wide range of environmental parameters. This review describes recent advances in biodegradation of pesticides by addressing the biology and molecular characterization of some pesticide degrading bacteria.

Characterization of Wood Chars Produced at Different Temperatures Using Advanced Solid-State 13C NMR Spectroscopic Techniques

Energy & Fuels ◽

10.1021/ef300947s ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 5983-5991 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Xiaoyan Cao ◽

Joseph J. Pignatello ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Charisma Lattao ◽

Mark A. Chappell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

13C Nmr ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Solid State 13C Nmr

Production of Alginate from Persian Gulf Sargassum angustifolium Seaweeds: Novel Extraction and Characterization Methods

Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products ◽

10.5812/jjnpp.106011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Abdolazim Behfar ◽

Narges Aqajari ◽

Mohammad Reza Shushizadeh ◽

Zahra Ramezani ◽

Ebrahim Rajabzadeh Ghatrami

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

Mixture Treatment ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Sargassum Angustifolium ◽

The Fourier Transform ◽

G Ratio

Background: Brown seaweeds contain polysaccharides, minerals, proteins, pigments, polyphenols, and fatty acids. Several of these compounds show a wide range of biological activities, such as anticoagulant, anti-tumor, antiviral, and anti-cancer effects. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the extraction, purification, and characterization of alginate from Sargassum angustifolium simultaneous with fucoidan extraction and the effect of this process on the structure and properties of alginate. Methods: The extraction of alginate from S. angustifolium was carried out using defatting with organic solvents mixture, treatment with acid-base solutions, and purification with absolute ethanol. The novel characterization of this compound was carried out by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), FT-NMR, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and florescent spectrophotometry methods. Results: The fluorescent emission of alginate showed 66.54% removal of impurities, such as phenolic compounds. The FT-IR analysis showed the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups as significant signals in the alginate structure. By analyzing the anomeric protons and other aspects of 1H-NMR, M/G ratio, FG, FM, FGG, FMM, FMG (or FGM) were determined to be 0.61, 0.62, 0.38, 0.31, 0.07, and 0.31, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of alginate were 0.9 dL/g and 41.53 kDa, respectively. Conclusions: The total amount of alginate from the residual S. angustifolium was 17% of dried seaweed. The structure elucidation of alginate was performed with the FT-IR, FT-NMR, and EDX methods.

First Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Chicken Astrovirus and Avian Nephritis Virus in Chickens in Bangladesh

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.769489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Md Zulfekar Ali ◽

Mohammad Moktader Moula ◽

Zafar Ahmed Bhuiyan ◽

Md Giasuddin ◽

Hyun-Jin Shin

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Specific Pathogen Free ◽

Avian Nephritis Virus ◽

Wide Range ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Reference Strains ◽

Virus Screening

Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and avian nephritis virus (ANV) are enteric viruses of poultry and have infected a wide range of poultry species worldwide, causing runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), which requires virus screening and results in serious economic damage. No confirmed cases have been reported from Bangladesh. In the present study, CAstV and ANV were monitored in Bangladesh. We monitored samples for CAstV and ANV and compared their genomic sequences to other reference strains. We found 8/31 flocks (25.8%) were positive for CAstV, 6/31 flocks (19.3%) had mixed infection of CAstV and ANV, and 1 flock (3.2%) was positive for ANV. Only ANV and a combination of CAstV and ANV were found in broilers and broiler breeders, but CAstV was found in all types of chickens. We isolated two of each from CAstV and ANV through specific pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs via the yolk sac route. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF1b conserved region of CAstV and ANV suggested that the locally circulating strain was closely related to the strains isolated from India and Brazil. This report is the first molecular characterization of CAstV and ANV in Bangladesh. This study highlights that CAstV and ANV are circulating in Bangladeshi poultry.