Attitudes of Polish-speaking and English-speaking medical students towards death during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction and purposeLast year, since the spread of COVID-19 pandemic, medical students have faced new challenges, related to growing numbers of people who are and will be hospitalized as well as deaths among patients in healthcare facilities. The purpose of this study, is analysis and comparison of attitudes of Polish-speaking and English-speaking students towards death, during the COVID-19 pandemic.Material and methodThe study was conducted in an electronic form on a group of Polish and foreign exchange students of medical faculties. In total, 277 people aged 19 to 38, including 141 of Polish nationality and 136 of non-Polish nationality, participated in the study. The study used a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Death Attitude Profile (DAP-R-PL). The questionnaire consists of 5 aspects, that relate to different attitudes towards death: fear of death, death avoidance, neutral acceptance, approach acceptance and escape acceptance.ResultsThe most common attitude represented in both groups was neutral acceptance of death. Polish students obtained higher results in scales fear of death and escape acceptance compared to foreing students. The results showed, that the strongest corelation occurs between escape acceptance and fear of death.ConclusionsIn most cases, adaptative beliefs towards death shown by both groups of respondents indicates, that they will handle working with dying patients. However, higher degree of fear of death and escape acceptance amongst Polish students indicates the need to introduce thanatology education into course of studies.

The Interaction Design Strategy of Foreign Exchange Students on Network Field

In the background of the Belt and Road initiative, international exchanges and cooperation are increasingly frequent and the number of students studying abroad is on the rise. Foreign exchange students living abroad are easily influenced by the environment, field culture, discourse subject etc, so that it's common for their ideas to be impacted. Cultural adaptation and avoiding western cultural osmosis are extraordinarily important in the management of foreign exchange students. Field theory provides a new means to resolve this problem. By using questionnaire to collect data and through behavior event interview, understand the behavior of foreign exchange students in the use of new media. And then, design user portrait according to the data results and interview content and construct the field environment elements of online education.

CONVERTING THEORY AND WAR DOCTRINE TO REALISTIC TRAINING FOR ENSURING THE SUCCESS OF MILITARY CAMPAIGN PLANNING

<p><span lang="EN-GB">Military campaigns in the 21^st Century are extremely complex multi-dimensional undertakings. In today’s globalized reality, influence of wars will go beyond the theatre of operations into issues of international economy, human migration, airspace and sea lanes, thus adding new dimensions to campaign planning.<span> </span>Converting theory and doctrine to practice is never easy.<span> </span>Realistic training may be the best bridge to ensure that classroom knowledge is correctly applied to the real battlefield.<span> </span>This paper looks at this challenge through the combined experience of six foreign exchange students who graduated from Indonesia’s Air Command and Staff College, 2018.<span> </span>The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the challenges to campaign planning, especially in light of multinational influences, extract lessons learned from recent military campaigns and then provide feedback for Indonesia’s wargaming training methodology as practiced in the air command and staff college.<span> </span>The foundation to Indonesia’s wargaming exercises is the 14-step Military Decision Making Process (MDMP).<span> </span>MDMP in its general form is part of the campaign planning processes for the authors’ respective countries too, varying only in the sequence and emphasis on steps and tasks within the process and strategies for exercising the process.<span> </span>This paper will conclude that even the most theoretically sound campaign planning process would lead to operational failure, unless critical thinking &amp; planning abilities are developed in upcoming military leaders through a sound understanding of theory, realistic wargaming, and deep analysis. This requires realistic training in an open learning environment, and a willingness to analyse one’s own country-specific mistakes and successes.</span></p>

Rules to Work By

“Culture shock” is a common phenomenon among visitors to another country, and even the most seasoned traveler can be stymied by local behavioral norms, cultural conventions, and values. Tourists often revel in the sensation of being surrounded by the exotic and unknown. Other visitors, such as foreign exchange students, face a greater challenge as they attempt to forge relationships with native classmates and host families while learning a new language. Immigrants also face a challenge of cultural adaptation when they arrive in their new country, but they have much more at stake than the casual tourist or exchange student. Although the shock experience fades in most cases, immigrants often continue to experience difficulties reconciling the dominating cultural norms and conventions of their new home with their own norms and values. That is, the habitus of the newcomer does not match local norms and expectations. The rules of the game are defined locally, and the stranger who is unfamiliar with the rules will be unable to play effectively or will be excluded from the game altogether. Labor markets and business networks also operate according to a set of rules. For immigrants, being unfamiliar with these rules can have profound effects. For example, many Chinese business-class immigrants who came to Canada as entrepreneurs quickly discovered that the business world operates differently in Vancouver than in Hong Kong or Taipei. Many of their businesses folded and their investments flopped because they were unprepared for stringent regulations, strange business practices, and peculiar consumer behavior (Ley 1999, 2003). Consequently, a large number of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs reoriented their investments back to China, where they knew how to run a business profitably. The return of Chinese entrepreneurs to East Asia is one of the reasons the astronaut family is a common phenomenon in Vancouver. Business regulations and conventions rendered Canada an unattractive place for investment by many Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs. In the labor market, conventions and norms are equally important. Many immigrants are unfamiliar with the norms and conventions of the hiring process in Canada, are unable to judge employers’ expectations, and are unaware of the codes of conduct in the Canadian workplace.