THE INDONESIA DEFENSE DIPLOMACY TO SPAIN YEAR 2014-2018 TOWARD THE COOPERATION IN THE FULFILMENT OF DEFENSE AND SECURITY EQUIPMENT

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Indonesia and Spain have established diplomatic relations since 1958, mainly in the defense sector. However, in its implementation, several problems occur, are the budget limitation, the financial crisis in Spain, the lack of human and technological resources in Indonesia, and the presence of assembly problems on CN-295. This study aims to analyze the form of defense diplomacy that occurred and the results of cooperation in fulfilling defense and security equipment in 2014-2018. The study uses a qualitative approach with a case study in analyzing research. The results obtained show that the implementation of defense diplomacy carried out by Indonesia and Spain in 2014-2018 has been going well, proved by the bilateral dialogue forum, activities of visiting state officials, the production of nine units of CN-295 and KRI Bima Suci as defense weapon system products, and an exchange of military students to create a stronger national defense. </p></div>

THE STRUCTURING OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND DOCTRINE OF STATE DEFENSE IN FACING HYBRID WARFARE

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Defense Doctrine and Strategy are designed to be able to synergize the performance of military and non-military components to protect and maintain Indonesia's national interests. The current doctrine of the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) Military Campaign is still dominant in dealing with military threats, even though based on the 2018 Indonesian Defense White Paper, the TNI must also be able to deal with hybrid threats. With its adaptive nature to changing threats, problems will arise if the military campaign doctrine has not accommodated the TNI's strategy and way of acting in dealing with hybrid threats. The defense doctrine must be able to accommodate the integration of military and non-military components is facing various types of warfare and threats such as military threats, non-military threats, and hybrid threats. Especially for the kind of hybrid threats namely cyber threats, terrorism, and other unconventional threats. Through an analytical descriptive analysis based on qualitative methods, it is hoped that the proper organization and doctrine will be disentangled in the face of this model war. Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) as the war organizations that prioritize a modern universal perspective are a necessity as one of the efforts offered. This needs to be supported by the doctrine of national defense which accurately defines how an effort against hybrid warfare can transform from conventional to unconventional warfare and the actors involved. Military or TNI organizations that prioritize a modern universal perspective are supported by the doctrine of national defense which accurately maps how an effort against hybrid warfare could transform from conventional warfare to unconventional.</p></div>

SYNERGY OF RELIGIOUS FIGURES WITH THE INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES AND THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA POLICE IN OVERCOMING RADICALISM MOVEMENTS TO SUPPORT STATE DEFENSE IN EAST JAVA

<p>The synergy between religious figures, community leaders, the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), and the Republic of Indonesia Police (POLRI) is urgently needed for the government is facing radicalism movements in Indonesia. Entering the reformation era, radical ideologies have the possibility more to threaten national security. This study aims to describe the synergy between religious figures, the Indonesian Armed Forces, and the Republic of Indonesia Police to ward off radical movements in East Java. Radicalism is closely related to terrorism, both of which are acts of violence or threats to people's lives. Therefore, it is necessary to have synergy from several parties. The research approach in this research uses qualitative phenomenological research. According to the results of the study, it shows that 1) the factors that cause the rise of radicalism movements in East Java are the greatest lack of education and poverty and 2) the synergy between religious figures, Indonesian Armed Forces, and the Republic of Indonesia Police has been running quite well. It can be seen from good cooperation in carrying out duties and responsibilities in maintaining national integrity, especially in preventing radicalism movements by the religious figure by carrying out various activity agendas as socialization in preventing radicalism movements in East Java.</p>

THE DEFENSIVE–OFFENSIVE POLITICAL BEHAVIOR OF NORTH KOREA IN THE KOREAN PENINSULA

<div><p class="Els-history-head">The study seeks to explain North Korea's political behavior that tends to act defensively and offensively which has often been represented as a dangerous country. Moreover, historically, the events of the Korean War that led to the breakup of Korea into two parts, the northern part that is associated with the Soviet Union and the southern part that is joined by the United States, makes the relationship between the two countries increasingly conflictual. Coupled with the formation of two axes of power since the collapse of the Soviet Union, North Korea is allied with its ideological one brother China, and South Korea is allied with the United States. The political escalation between the two countries continues to rise, resulting in the relationship of two becoming very conflictual, and because of that, the rivalry that is formed between the two countries raises various potential conflicts that couldn't be avoided. This research used the congruent method by used the balance of threat theory from Stephen Walt who argued that the state reacts to the perceived threat rather than power, and aims to balance it. The results found that North Korea's defensive - offensive actions were motivated by distrust of America-allied South Korea through several joint exercise programs on the peninsula that is considered a form of threat. Overall, the main argument of this research is the North Korea’s defensive - offensive actions are determined by the attitudes of South Korea and its ally the United States.</p></div>

CULTURE AS NATIONAL IDENTITY IN PREPARING YOUNG GENERATION FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Culture is a way to develop a life that has social elements that are comprehensive to form character. This study aims to examine that local wisdom is one of the national resilience to create further generations in the face of the industrial revolution 4.0 so that the nation's identity is maintained. The research method used is qualitative methods with interviews about the 4.0 industrial revolution, the research location is in Jakarta. Industrial revolution 4.0 is influenced by technological progress or changes. The results obtained by the younger generation prepare for a national identity that looks beautiful with the existing culture.</p></div>

INDONESIA’S DEFENSE DIPLOMACY IN JOINT PRODUCTION OF HARIMAU MEDIUM TANK BETWEEN INDONESIA-TURKEY

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Indonesia-Turkey defense diplomacy which aims to achieve self-sufficiency in defense equipment has resulted in the joint production of a medium tank called the Harimau or Kaplan. Each country requires a medium tank because this type of tank can operate in various geographical conditions found in Indonesia and Turkey. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that contribute to the realization of joint production of tanks through the implementation of defense diplomacy strategies. Data were obtained through interviews with former Indonesian defense ministers for the period 2009-2014 as well as from the defense industry. In addition, secondary data was obtained from search results of official documents, official websites, and journals. Then the results of the interviews were analyzed descriptively. From this research, the factors that influence the cooperation between Indonesia and Turkey are obtained, namely the principle of equality, the principle of mutual trust and need, and the principle of business. In addition, Indonesia's defense diplomacy strategy is in the alignment of domestic and foreign defense policies, assessments, and maximizing the concepts of Government to Government (G to G) and Business to Business (B to B).</p></div>

THE COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT STRATEGY IN FACING THE POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKES IN SURABAYA: A LITERATURE REVIEW

<div><p class="Els-history-head">In all communities, there is local wisdom and values that are formed from the disaster experience and the efforts to manage the disaster in the past. There is a lot of local wisdom that develops in the community, so each region will mark the earthquake events in its way. Every disaster event by the community is marked by various unique ways so that future generations could remember and learn from the previous disasters. This diversity of local wisdom needs to be deepened through literature studies so that lessons can be obtained from other regions to inspire the implementation of community empowerment in the city of Surabaya to face the potential for earthquakes. To analyze how community empowerment can enhance the Surabaya community earthquake disaster resilience. This is a Literature Review, that collected articles using the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. The author filtered and selected according to inclusions criteria. The results of the literature study obtained a proposed strategy design that can be used to increase participation in the context of Surabaya community empowerment. This literature could be accommodating socio-spiritual values, increasing disaster knowledge for all levels of society, and strengthening community social systems to the lowest level.</p></div>

EMPOWERMENT OF INDONESIAN MILITARY RESERVE COMPONENT IN FACING THE PANDEMIC THREAT OF COVID-19

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Reserve Components are National Resources that have been prepared to be mobilized to enlarge and strengthen the capabilities of the Main Components and Supporting Components. The theory used in this research is the theory of national defense, threat theory, and empowerment. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis problem that not only affecting the population health sector but also security. The decline in living conditions and people's welfare then also affects the security sector where there is an increase in the number of criminal acts that can threaten public security and order in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to find out how the government will empower the reserve components to help protect the country's sovereignty, maintain state security when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs and what steps have been taken by the Indonesian government. The result shows that the Indonesian Military Reserve Component including empowering Indonesian citizens that are implemented by participating and complying with various policies made by the government to reduce the spread of the virus, by implementing health protocols, online learning, enforcing lockdowns, and conducting social distancing. Meanwhile, the government also empowers the national facilities and infrastructure in controlling the COVID-19 virus, one of which is by improving the function of hospital services, cooperate with the mass media to spread information for the people. The government also use information technology to give health service for Indonesian to provide accurate information about COVID-19.</p></div>

STRENGTHENING TOTAL PEOPLE'S DEFENSE AND SECURITY SYSTEM IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ERA 4.0 TO FACE THE THREAT OF SIXTH GENERATION WAR

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Revolution couldn’t be separated in the history of the struggle of the Indonesian nation. Experience and real evidence that the involvement of every component in the elements of the nation plays a crucial role in making Indonesia be one of the great countries in the world. This experience was adopted into a state defense system known as the Total People’s Defense and Security System. Growing globalization could be a threat to a country's sovereignty, mainly in the era of the sixth genealogy war. The purpose of this study is to develop knowledge about the importance of strengthening Sishankamrata (Total People’s Defense and Security System) in presence of industry 4.0. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative analysis through literature studies with the development of thinking through literature studies and research tour of duty. In this study, the PMESII and VUCA construction is used. The result of this study is confirmed that strengthening Sishankamrata was needed to improve the readiness of the national defense strategy in facing the threat of the sixth-generation war. This strengthening includes strengthening the posture and capabilities of the main components, reserve components, and supporting components, and strengthen state defense as a foundation in Sishankamrata by optimizing national insight integrated with every policymaker.</p></div>

COUNTER-TERRORISM COOPERATION IN THE ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM (ARF) FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIA DEFENSE DIPLOMACY

<p>Terrorism is a threat that not only jeopardizes a country's security, but also the survival of ASEAN as a regional organization, the security of peace and stability, and the region's overall economic possibilities. This research aimed to examine the implementation of Counter-terrorism (CT) cooperation in the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) from the perspective of Indonesia's defense diplomacy. The research method used was the qualitative method which is based on the combination of interviews and literature review regarding ASEAN’s or ARF’s Counter-terrorism cooperation and Indonesia’s defense diplomacy from the year 2015-2019. The findings showed that CT cooperation is less discussed in the mechanism of the ARF since the current focus of ARF is on Trafficking in Person (TIP) and threats of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN). Meanwhile, from the perspective of defense diplomacy, Indonesia has successfully initiated ARF Statement on Preventing and Countering Terrorism and Violent Extremism Conducive to Terrorism (VECT) with Australia and New Zealand in 2019. However, it is undeniable that CT cooperation through the ARF mechanism remains difficult to achieve due to several obstacles, including the differences of national interests and legal framework, the principle of non-interference, and the existence of mutual distrust between participating countries.</p>