A summer on Hounslow Heath: Combined army operations in late-seventeenth-century England

This article re-examines the purpose of the army summer training camps introduced by James II that became an intrinsic part of London and army life between 1686 and 1688. Current historiography has associated these camps purely with James II’s attempt to subjugate both London and its predominantly Protestant population. This article will argue that although there is no doubt that those opposed to James II viewed the camp as intimidation, that was not James II’s primary focus as there were better locations for any large-scale camp if this was the intended purpose. Using contemporary newspapers, broadside ballads, and printed promotional material alongside more traditional archive sources, this article will show that the intention was primarily to increase the capabilities of the army. The camps were responsible for introducing new tactics and instrumental in the introduction of battalion guns into regiments of foot.

Singing School

This chapter recovers conversations in Rapallo about the ballad form and how it could be “made new.” It looks closely at the Rapallo poets’ ideas about Robert Burns as a “national poet” and as an important innovator of the ballad form. The chapter considers the political and literary implications of the ballad for the Rapallo poets, looking at the “democratic” ballads of Basil Bunting’s early poems and at the politically complex broadside ballads that W.B. Yeats produced for Cuala Press. The chapter also examines Burns’s emphasis on poetry as a celebration of life, which appealed to the poets of Rapallo in their mobilization against the growing threat of literary censorship in Ireland.

České kramářské tisky – pokus o definici a typologii

The paper focuses on the issue of a relatively wide range of kramářské tisky – the medium of Czech popular literature of the Early Modern period and the 19th century. They mostly contained kramářské písně (Czech equivalent for broadside ballads), which are currently in the spotlight of Czech research interest. Kramářský tisk can also be defined by means of equivalents in other languages. The English term chapbooks, for example, may be helpful in emphasising the commercial focus of this literature (kramářské tisky could be literally translated as ‘chapman prints’). Although the English term cannot be clearly defined either, researchers generally come to an agreement that it is a publication of booklet character, of smaller extent as well as format (usually octavo or smaller, made of no more than three sheets of paper or having up to 99 pages). It was distributed by tradesmen at fairs, by colportage or soliciting. It was cheap (both in terms of production and price) and it brought what the broad spectrum of readers in towns and later in the countryside demanded – popular reading in the true sense of the word. It is complicated to include popular histories (knížky lidového čtení) in the comparison – they fit most of the features above, but they were made by folding and joining more sheets of paper and greatly exceed the imaginary limit of 99 pages. Therefore, this paper also deals with boundary media, which surpass the defined extent but principally are still chapman goods (i.e. small-format books of various lengths distributed at fairs and by soliciting). The text of the study draws attention to the appearance and development of certain types of kramářské tisky of both religious and secular content. For a better illustration, many of these types are mediated by an image.

Kramářské tisky jako specifický doklad knižní kultury 18. a 19. století. Fond kramářských tisků Muzea Jindřichohradecka

This book-science study focuses on chapbooks, the development of research on this specific cultural phenomenon and the related collection activities, presented by the example of the collection of chapbooks housed in the Museum of the Jindřichův Hradec Region. Chapbooks have already been of scientific and collecting interest since the end of the 19th century. Extensive projects have recently been prepared with the aim of processing and providing access to the collections of memory and academic institutions. Bibliologically, a chapbook is defined as a small multi-page print, usually in octavo, duodecimo or sextodecimo (exceptionally trigesimo-secundo) format, which contained a lyric or epic text in poetry or prose with a religious or secular theme, was created with an emphasis on the commercial aspect and was primarily to make profit for the author, the printer (through the use of economical printing methods) as well as the seller (through the number of the printed copies sold). In 2021, the collection of chapbooks, which is part of the holdings of the Museum of the Jindřichův Hradec Region, contains almost 4,400 inventory numbers. The collection was established in the 1930s, and further large acquisitions were made in the 1990s from the literary estate of the Landfras family of printers from Jindřichův Hradec. The collection is dominated by prints from the Jindřichův Hradec printing works, comprising more than half of the collection; a rather large set is formed by the production of Prague printing workshops (14%); smaller sets come from printing workshops in Vienna, Chrudim and Jihlava. The earliest prints in the collection are Píseň o moci, divích a zázracích sv. Škapulíře [A Song about the Power, Wonders and Miracles of the Holy Scapular] (Hradec Králové 1725) and Dvě písničky nové velmi pěkné o svaté Anně [Two Very Nice New Songs about St Anne] (Příbram 1726). The latest prints come from the 1940s, namely Zásvětná modlitba k Panně Marii [A Dedication Prayer to the Virgin Mary] (Olomouc 1940) and Píseň k sv. Janu Nepomuckému [A Song to St John of Nepomuk] (J. Hradec 1944). The study deals with the formal and content aspects of chapbooks. A comparison with extant wooden printing blocks from the inheritance of the Landfras printing works has revealed similarities in this printing decoration across printing workshops, but also the production of several apparently identical plates in one or more printing workshops especially in the 19th century. Moreover, the paper presents the changes in the decoration and form of the prints that chiefly occurred in the second half of the 19th century. In decoration, there is a clear connection with other types of printed production: in the area of secular themes with books of popular reading and in that of religious topics mainly with holy pictures, house blessings, memento mori prints and folding holy letters. There were certain analogies in their methods of production and decoration, but they were also distributed together and were among traditional means of personal devotion. The various texts printed in chapbooks (folk, popularised and artificial songs, poetry or prose texts of religious and secular content) can also be found in other printed media – in hymnals, songbooks, prayer books, books of folk reading, as well as theatrical plays, 19th-century almanacs, and periodicals. The chapbooks from the collection under study contain songs as well as other texts mostly related to religious pilgrimage in the 19th century, with the songs in them becoming ever less frequent. The chapbook production of the long 19th century is represented in the collection by a large number of chapbooks from the Landfras printing works in Jindřichův Hradec. The Landfras family, whose publishing profile emphasised religious and prayer literature primarily for rural population, concentrated the production of chapbooks in this area as well. The chapbook as a multidisciplinary phenomenon has been the subject of interdisciplinary research since the beginning of the 20th century. It has received the attention of ethnologists, librarians, book scientists and musicologists, as well as curators of collections in memory institutions. Its content and genre, hitherto studied in detail within secular broadside ballads, await evaluation by the new generation of literary scholars and cultural anthropologists in the field of religious chapbooks.

“Strange and rare news”: information about foreign events in the English broadside literature of 1540–1570

The article provides a brief analysis of English broadside ballads of 1540–70, which to a certain extent covered foreign events. The purpose of the analysis is to retrace the emergence and initial steps in the development of interest in foreign events in the broadside literature and to identify the genre features which influenced this process. The author notes the importance of the broadside ballad as a means of disseminating information in the middle and lower strata of English cities and countryside. The article raises the question about the influence of the royal power, private interests of the ballads’ authors, and the demand of the audience on the formation of the texts devoted to foreign events. The author of the article concludes that all of the abovementioned influences did take place, but none of them was dominant. It is noted that the events of 1569–70 associated with the Northern Rebellion played a special role in the formation of the sub-genre of ballads about foreign events. It is shown how under the influence of these events, the political and ideological message of ballads about foreign events was formed, which, in turn, contributed to the formation of mass ideas about the place of England in European politics. The data on the quantitative growth of ballads about foreign news are also presented.

Kramářské písně v rajhradské benediktinské knihovně

The Rajhrad collections currently contain 81 song prints that can be classified as broadside ballads. Most of them are stored in boxes, like many other small prints from the monastic library that came there in the 19th century. Only a few provenance notes make it possible to identify the original owners of at least some of the prints. The analysis has also shown that almost half of the ballads were printed in Brno workshops; these represent song production from Prague, Hradec, Králové, Jindřichův Hradec, Litomyšl, Jihlava, Znojmo, Vienna, the New Town of Vienna, Linz, Krems and Skalice. Other places of publication than Brno are represented only by individuals. For almost a quarter of the prints, the place and date of publication cannot be precisely determined. It is only known that they were printed sometime in the 18th century. The vast majority of songs are religious – only seven prints are devoted to a secular theme. The clearly predominant language of the printed production is German, because the only surviving bound collection of chapbooks (in Czech špalíček) consists exclusively of German songs. From the 1780s, Czech predominated in the press. The only rock print in the set is in Slovak.