Method of complex analyses of the compositions of kimberlite indicator minerals to assess the presence of large diamonds

<p>For industrial deposits that contain particularly large and expensive diamonds, a diagram of the compositions of KIM (kimberlite indicator minerals) for Cr, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn is proposed. The proximity or rather convergence of the compositions of KIM is also complemented by a high correlation of the frequency of occurrence of their cluster groups (Ivanov, 2017), such as pyropes, chromites, picroilmenites and pyroxenes. The increase in oxygen fugacity  in  KIM is correlating with Fe and Ti , this fact can also explain the intensity of metasomatism of kimberlites, shown in the proposed graph by an increase in ilmenite content. This type of diagram was proposed by Mitchell (1986) for chromite compositions, which the authors supplemented with compositions of  picroilmenites, pyropes and pyroxenes. The manganese  concentration is shown by the size of the figurative point  – a bubble diagram. For better perception, the drawing is supplemented with different colors of the composition groups of  KIM. Below are diagrams for two industrial deposits that contain expensive and large diamonds. The diagrams show the approximate regions of diamond-bearing associations for chromite and pyrope compositions with red asterisks. The blue lines show two main trends in chromite compositions, the horizontal one is picrate trend and the vertical one is kimberlite. For picroilmenite compositions, the diagram shows two main trend lines: the red line for paramagnetic compositions and the black line for ferrimagnetic compositions. For pyrope compositions, trend lines are shown in red for a number of cluster groups G10 by (Dawson, Stephens, 1975) and for groups G11 – in black. The diamond content in kimberlites of the Aykhal pipe is several times higher than in the Komsomolskaya pipe, but the cost of diamond crystals from the latter is several times more expensive than in the Aykhal pipe. A distinctive feature of the compositions of the Komsomolskaya pipe KIM, as well as the above-proposed kimberlite pipes (Griba and Karowe ) – is the presence of diamond-bearing websterite parageneses of chromites and pyropes, which corresponding in the diagram, to areas with elevated Cr, Fe  values . The kimberlite of the Aykhal pipe is characterized by a higher degree of metasomatism, which is recorded in the diagram by the trend of more ferruginous picroilmenite compositions, which affects the quality of its diamonds.</p><p>CONCLUSIONS. The proposed method is based on a comprehensive assessment of KIM compositions. The diagram allows to assess the presence of expensive and large diamonds in kimberlite pipes at the  exploration  stage, as well as to reconstruct the composition of deep mantle rocks, based on  the KIM graphically presenting analyses of their compositions for five elements.</p><p>1. Ivanov A. S. Statistical analysis of indicator minerals of kimberlites. Proceedings of the XIII All-Russian (with international participation) Fersman session. KSC RAS. G. Apatity. 2017. C. 172-181.</p><p>2. Mitchell R.H. Kimberlites: mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology. New York, Plenum Press. 1986. 442 P.</p><p>3. Dawson J.B., Stephens W.E. Statistical classification of garnets from kimberlites and xenoliths. J. Geol. 1975. 83, 589-607.</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.e9220f156dff55102440161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=0f83753a5548fc75c9d09360ceb8fba7&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.d0e4b6356dff58302440161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=8ee1cd160278a2b43eaa34c7046345f5&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.5103f8a56dff52512440161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=597c719fd1593d0deb555868e8cf03aa&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.241bc3c56dff59712440161/sdaolpUECMynit/12UGE&app=m&a=0&c=4dccd20a38e5bad392e02c82cfe84981&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p> </p><p> </p>

Identification Of Paraproteins Via Serum Immunofixation or Serum Immunosubtraction and Immunoturbidimetric Quantitation of Serum Immunoglobulins in the Laboratory Testing for Monoclonal Gammopathies: A Comparison of Methods

Context.— In laboratory testing for monoclonal gammopathies, paraproteins are identified via serum immunofixation or serum immunosubtraction and immunoturbidimetric quantitation of serum immunoglobulins is often used. Objective.— To evaluate methodic differences between serum immunofixation and serum immunosubtraction as well as in the quantitation of serum immunoglobulins on different clinical chemical platforms. Design.— Three hundred twenty-two unique routine patient samples were blinded and used for comparison between serum immunofixation on Sebia's HYDRASIS 2 and serum immunosubtraction on Sebia's CAPILLARYS 2 as well as between quantitation results of immunoglobulin A, G, and M on Abbott's ARCHITECT c16000PLUS and Roche's Cobas c 502 module. Microsoft Excel 2019 with the add-on Abacus 2.0 and MedCalc were used for statistical analysis and graphic depiction via bubble diagram, Passing-Bablok regressions, and Bland-Altman plots. Results.— The median age of patients was 75 years and samples with paraproteinemia were nearly evenly split between sexes. Paraprotein identification differed remarkably between immunofixation and immunosubtraction. Quantitation of serum immunoglobulins showed higher values on Abbott's ARCHITECT c16000PLUS when compared with Roche's Cobas c 502 module. Conclusions.— Identification of paraproteins via serum immunosubtraction is inferior to serum immunofixation, which can have implications on the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. If immunoturbidimetric quantitation of immunoglobulins is used for follow-up, the same clinical-chemical platform should be used consistently.

Diagramming development for a base camp and staging area in a humanitarian logistics base airport

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for diagramming a base camp or space for emergency workers and a staging area to be used during sorting, storing, loading, and unloading of relief goods in a humanitarian logistics base airport. Design/methodology/approach A method is developed based on a synthesis of the relevant literature and current practices of airports. This provides a means for estimating the area required for each facility and visualizes the layout of the base through an adjacency diagram and a bubble diagram. The method is applied to the Shizuoka Airport in Japan as a case study. Findings The proposed method can be used to determine the approximate size and layout of a humanitarian logistics base in an airport based on the affected population and the number of emergency workers. Research limitations/implications Airport operation regulations and mathematical models from architectural planning need to be reflected further. Practical implications The method provides potential operational improvements for policies and standards for airport operations and enables government officials and humanitarian logistics organizations to identify concerns in facilitating and managing constraints in existing airports. Originality/value This study addresses the detailed phases in a diagramming for a humanitarian logistics base airport by integrating an architectural approach and airport disaster management. The results highlight the importance of managing the flexible use of space to improve effective humanitarian logistics.