Are Effects of School Resource Officers Moderated by Student Race and Ethnicity?

We examined whether effects of an increase in school resource officer (SRO) staffing on school crime and exclusionary disciplinary responses to school crime varied by student race and ethnicity. Using monthly school level administrative data, we compared change in outcomes for 33 schools that enhanced SRO staffing and a matched sample of 72 schools that did not increase SRO staffing at the same time. We found that increases in offenses and exclusionary reactions due to increased SRO presence were most evident for Black and Hispanic as opposed to White students. Educational decision-makers should carefully weigh the benefits of placing SROs in schools against the knowledge that this practice differentially increases recorded school crime and exclusion from school for students of color.

PERANAN BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (BUMDES) SEBAGAI IMPLEMENTASI EKONOMI KREATIF DALAM RANGKA PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DESA JALANCAGAK KECAMATAN JALANCAGAK KABUPATEN SUBANG PROVINSI JAWA BARAT

Rule the Village And You Rule The Country, an adage that inspired the authors to examine the BUMDes Jalancagak. This study focuses the problem on: Role BUMDes Jalancagak in the implementation of the Creative Economy; Attempts were made BUMDes Jalancagak; Constraints BUMDes Running Jalancagak in business. The method used is a method descriptively by inductive approach the author in the sample using a sample set aims (purposive sampling). The data collection techniques through interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Based on the analysis we concluded that BUMDes Jalancagak has been cast as the implementation of the creative economy in order to empower villagers Jalancagak accordance with Regulation Subang District No. 14 Year 2007 on Guidelines for the Establishment BUMDes. Credit management BUMDes Jalancagak use banking management, especially rural banks and credit is the most desirable BUMDes business community. Low BUMDes human resource officer is the main limiting factor BUMDes in business management. The authors suggest that the role of BUMDes Jalancagak as the implementation Creative Economy village-owned Jalancagak maintained and further improved, because of the benefits BUMDes has been strengthening revenue village, so the village Jalancagak able to independently finance the activities of the village in order to realize the improvement of living standards and maintain preservation of customs and culture of the people in order to empower villagers Jalancagak. Keywords: implementation, creative economy, empowerment

School Resource Officer Perceptions and Correlates of Work Roles

Officers assigned to schools are highly visible with many opportunities to communicate with citizens, though they are relatively isolated from other officers. School resource officers (SROs) are often expected to perform unconventional police roles, including counselling and teaching. Research is beginning to explore how SROs respond to different work settings and role expectations, which poses practical implications for how officers adapt and how they influence the lives of students, parents, and school staff. The present study first examined the work roles of SROs in a Midwestern region. Secondly, this study explored the relationships between SRO roles, individual characteristics, and school characteristics. SROs assigned to programmes in Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri were surveyed and a subset of 20 officers were interviewed and observed during their shifts. Findings showed SROs performed both conventional and non-conventional roles. Multivariate analyses revealed SROs in urban schools and high schools performed more conventional police tasks involving law enforcement and order maintenance, while SROs who supported community policing engaged in more service, mentoring, and teaching tasks. The results highlight areas to enhance community policing in schools, particularly through selection and training of SROs.