STUDI KASUS: TERAPI BERMAIN MEMFASILITASI PERUBAHAN PERILAKU MENOLAK SEKOLAH

Perilaku menolak sekolah, adalah perilaku yang umum dialami anak-anak dalam masa sekolah, dengan berbagai alasan. Perilaku ini tidak selalu menjadi diagnosa patologis, tapi pada praktisnya kerap menyebabkan stres dalam keluarga. Saat anak memiliki keinginan untuk tidak hadir di sekolah, mereka cenderung berperilaku maladaptif. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) dipandang sebagai bentuk intervensi terapetik yang tidak berfokus pada permasalahan anak secara langsung, tetapi memberikan ruang dan kesempatan pada anak untuk memproses masalahnya. CCPT terbukti dapat mengatasi berbagai masalah perilaku dalam perkembangan anak hingga remaja. Namun, belum banyak ulasan mengenai bagaimana CCPT memfasilitasi perubahan perilaku tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan informasi baru mengenai efektivitas CCPT dalam mengubah perilaku anak terhadap sekolah. Subjek penelitian ini adalah anak perempuan berusia 6 tahun. Penelitian qualitative, single case study ini memberikan penjelasan proses perubahan/ transformasi perilaku partisipan secara intensif dan deskriptif dalam 18 sesi terapi individual. Play Therapy Dimensional Model (PTDM) dalam level consiousness-unconsiousness dan directive-nondirectiveness akan mendeskripsikan arah pergerakan dan perubahan perilaku partisipan dalam proses terapi. Hasil penelitian berbentuk laporan observasi peneliti, dokumentasi sesi, dan laporan orangtua menunjukkan keselarasan terhadap perubahan perilaku partisipan. Perubahan perilaku sesuai dengan tujuan CCPT dan sesuai dengan harapan orangtua. Partisipan hadir di sekolah, berani menampilkan dirinya di depan kelas, dan perilaku somatis sirna. School refusal is a behavior commonly found in school age children, with various reasons. This behavior is not always a pathological diagnosis, however, in practice it often causes stress in the family. When children refuse to attend school, they tend to behave maladaptively. Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) is seen as a form of therapeutic intervention that does not focus on children's problems directly, but it gives children space and opportunity to process their problem. CCPT is proven to be able to treat various behavioral problems in the development of children to adolescents. However, there are not many reviews about how CCPT facilitates this behavioral change. This study aims to provide new information about the effectiveness of CCPT in changing children's behavior towards school. The sole subject of this study was a 6-year-old girl. This qualitative, single case study provides an explanation of the process of change / transformation of participant's intensive and descriptive behavior in 18 individual therapy sessions. Play Therapy Dimensional Model (PTDM) at the level of consciousness-unconsiousness and directive-nondirectiveness will describe the direction of movement and changes in participant behavior during the therapy process. The result of the study was in the form of researchers' observation reports, session documentation, and parental reports show conformity with changes in participant behavior. Changes in behavior was in accordance with the goals of the CCPT and with expectations of the parents. Participant attended school, dared to present herself in front of the classroom, and somatic behavior disappeared.

The Role of Experimenter Belief in Social Priming

Research suggests that stimuli that prime social concepts can fundamentally alter people’s behavior. However, most researchers who conduct priming studies fail to explicitly report double-blind procedures. Because experimenter expectations may influence participant behavior, we asked whether a short pre-experiment interaction between participants and experimenters would contribute to priming effects when experimenters were not blind to participant condition. An initial double-blind experiment failed to demonstrate the expected effects of a social prime on executive cognition. To determine whether double-blind procedures caused this result, we independently manipulated participants’ exposure to a prime and experimenters’ belief about which prime participants received. Across four experiments, we found that experimenter belief, rather than prime condition, altered participant behavior. Experimenter belief also altered participants’ perceptions of their experimenter, suggesting that differences in experimenter behavior across conditions caused the effect. Findings reinforce double-blind designs as experimental best practice and suggest that people’s prior beliefs have important consequences for shaping behavior with an interaction partner.

Research Through the App Store: Understanding Participant Behavior on a Mobile English Learning App

In this study, we analyzed usages behaviors of 53,825 active users from 12 countries in a mobile app called “English Practice.” The data indicated that the app was used most often in the evening from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m., and especially midweek, with less use at weekends and on Mondays. Learners used the app for about 5 minutes each session and averaged 10 uses before uninstalling it. The data also provided evidence that there were differences in each country. From the findings, it is suggested that (a) learning tasks be simplified and content reduced for each session, (b) announcements not be made in the early morning or on the weekend as these are easily overlooked, and (c) as user behavior in each country is different, each group be better understood when delivering learning content and designing the app interface. Finally, we concluded that publishing apps in the app store can provide valuable data regarding app users’ behaviors.

Types of Participant Behavior in a Massive Open Online Course

<p class="3">In recent years there has been a proliferation of massive open online courses (MOOCs), which provide unprecedented opportunities for lifelong learning. Registrants approach these courses with a variety of motivations for participation. Characterizing the different types of participation in MOOCs is fundamental in order to be able to better evaluate the phenomenon and to support MOOCs developers and instructors in devising courses which are adapted for different learners' needs. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize the different types of participant behavior in a MOOC. Using a data mining methodology, 21,889 participants of a MOOC were classified into clusters, based on their activity in the main learning resources of the course: video lectures, discussion forums, and assessments. Thereafter, the participants in each cluster were characterized in regard to demographics, course participation, and course achievement characteristics. Seven types of participant behavior were identified: <em>Tasters</em> (64.8%), <em>Downloaders</em> (8.5%), <em>Disengagers</em> (11.5%), <em>Offline</em> <em>Engagers</em> (3.6%), <em>Online Engagers</em> (7.4%), <em>Moderately Social Engagers</em> (3.7%), and <em>Social Engagers</em> (0.6%). A significant number of 1,020 participants were found to be engaged in the course, but did not achieve a certificate. The types are discussed according to the established research questions. The results provide further evidence regarding the utilization of the flexibility, which is offered in MOOCs, by the participants according to their needs. Furthermore, this study supports the claim that MOOCs' impact should not be evaluated solely based on certification rates but rather based on learning behaviors.</p>