Obtaining Bismuth-Potassium-Ammonium Citrate by Interaction of Bismuth Oxide with Potassium and Ammonium Citrates Solutions

The interaction of bismuth oxides of various morphologies with aqueous solutions of potassium and ammonium citrates has been studied by methods of X-ray phase, chemical analyzes and electron microscopy, and the conditions for the formation of bismuth-potassium-ammonium bismuth citrate have been determined

Investigation of Complexation of Bismuth Potassium Citrate with Polysaccharides

The interaction of potassium bismuth citrate (PBC) with polysaccharides of various structures – dextran (linear) and arabinogalactan (branched) was investigated. The NMR method revealed the donor-acceptor character of the interaction of dextran with PBC in water solutions. Synchrotron radiation and transmission electron microscopy was show the formation of the anisotropic PBC-nanocrystals the covered of dextran layers.

THE IMMUNOMODELING ACTIVITY OF BISMUTH CITRATE IN EXPERIMENT 1-CSTL AND LABORATORY OF INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY

The aim of the study. To investigate in experimental conditions the effect of bismuth citrate on the immune system of laboratory animals. Material and methods. One-time sensitization of tadpoles (subcutaneously into the ear) was performed according to the method of O.G. Alekseeva, A.I. Petkevich. The degree of sensitization was established after skin tests. Determined the leucocyte blood formula, T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood by the rosette method, immunoglobulins of class A, M, G in serum - by the method of radial immunodiffusion of globulines in agar Difco, circulating and extracellular complexes detection of the response of blood cells to the allergen "in vitro" - by the reaction of specific leukocyte lysis. Results. Bismuth citrate causes impaired immunological homeostasis in experimental animals. Indicators of nonspecific cellular component of the immune system have changed significantly, characterizing immunocomplex pathology. A decrease in the T-helper subpopulation was observed, indicating a significant immunomodulatory ability of bismuth citrate. At the same time, there was a significant increase in cells capable of rosette formation, which suggests that bismuth citrate is capable of provoking sensitization of the body. In the humoral immunity link, significant differences in the content of circulating immune complexes in sensitized and control animals were observed. Immunoglobulin levels were unchanged relative to control. The analysis of the sensitizing effect indicates that the most probable result of sensitization of the organism in this mode of receipt of bismuth citrate is the formation of type III hypersensitivity. Conclusions. Bismuth citrate under experimental conditions causes changes in the immune system of experimental animals, which are characteristic of the allergenic response of the organism to the complement-dependent type.

Differently substituted aniline functionalized MWCNTs to anchor oxides of Bi and Ni nanoparticles

We have studied the consequence of different functionalization types onto the decoration of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) surface by nanoparticles of bismuth and nickel oxides. Three organic molecules were considered for the functionalization: 5-amino-1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid, 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid and sulfanilic acid. Nanotubes modification with in situ created diazonium salts followed by their impregnation with suitable salts [ammonium bismuth citrate and nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate] utilizing infrared (IR) irradiation was found the crucial stage in the homogeneous impregnation of functionalized CNTs. Furthermore, calcination of these samples in argon environment gave rise to controlled decorated MWCNTs. The currently used technique is simple as well as effective. The synthesized materials were characterized by XPS, PXRD, FESEM, EDX, HRTEM and Raman spectroscopy. Bismuth oxide decorations were successfully performed using 5-amino-1,2,3-benzenetricarboxylic acid (particle size ranges from 1 to 10 nm with mean diameter ~ 2.4 nm) and 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid (particle size ranges from 1 to 6 nm with mean diameter ~ 1.9 nm) functionalized MWCNTs. However, only 4-aminobenzylphosphonic acid functionalized MWCNTs showed strong affinity towards oxides of nickel nanoparticles (mainly in hydroxide form, particles size ranging from 1 to 6 nm with mean diameter ~ 2.3 nm). Thus, various functions arranged in the order of their increasing anchoring capacities are as follows: sulfonic < carboxylic < phosphonic. The method is valid for large-scale preparations. These advanced nanocomposites are potential candidates for various applications in nanotechnology. Graphic abstract

Exposure and nephrotoxicity concern of bismuth with the occurrence of autophagy

Metal nanoparticles or metal-based compounds have drawn attention in various fields ranging from industry to medicine because of their unique physicochemical properties. Bismuth (Bi) compounds and nanomaterials have been commonly used in alloys, electronic industry, batteries, and as flame retardants as well as for anti- Helicobacter pylori therapy, while the nanomaterial form has great potential for computed tomography imaging and thermotherapy, both of which will be introduced in this review. Although Bi was used for several decades, there is a lack of detailed information concerning their toxicity and mechanisms on human health. We described the toxicity of Bi on the kidney that seemed to be relatively known by researchers, while the mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, our group has found that Bi compounds, including bismuth nitrate (BN) and Bi nanomaterials, can induce autophagy in kidney cells. We also extended our findings by selecting five Bi compounds, and the results showed that BN, bismuth oxychloride, bismuth citrate, colloidal bismuth subcitrate, and Bi nanomaterials all induced slight cytotoxicity accompanied with autophagy. Although the role of autophagy in Bi-induced cytotoxicity and kidney injury is under investigation by us, autophagy may help with the exploration of the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity by Bi.