scholarly journals THE IMMUNOMODELING ACTIVITY OF BISMUTH CITRATE IN EXPERIMENT 1-CSTL AND LABORATORY OF INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
О. I. Hrushka ◽  
V. A. Turkina ◽  
B. P. Kuzminov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Bismuth Citrate ◽  
Degree Of Sensitization ◽  
Sensitizing Effect

The aim of the study. To investigate in experimental conditions the effect of bismuth citrate on the immune system of laboratory animals. Material and methods. One-time sensitization of tadpoles (subcutaneously into the ear) was performed according to the method of O.G. Alekseeva, A.I. Petkevich. The degree of sensitization was established after skin tests. Determined the leucocyte blood formula, T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood by the rosette method, immunoglobulins of class A, M, G in serum - by the method of radial immunodiffusion of globulines in agar Difco, circulating and extracellular complexes detection of the response of blood cells to the allergen "in vitro" - by the reaction of specific leukocyte lysis. Results. Bismuth citrate causes impaired immunological homeostasis in experimental animals. Indicators of nonspecific cellular component of the immune system have changed significantly, characterizing immunocomplex pathology. A decrease in the T-helper subpopulation was observed, indicating a significant immunomodulatory ability of bismuth citrate. At the same time, there was a significant increase in cells capable of rosette formation, which suggests that bismuth citrate is capable of provoking sensitization of the body. In the humoral immunity link, significant differences in the content of circulating immune complexes in sensitized and control animals were observed. Immunoglobulin levels were unchanged relative to control. The analysis of the sensitizing effect indicates that the most probable result of sensitization of the organism in this mode of receipt of bismuth citrate is the formation of type III hypersensitivity. Conclusions. Bismuth citrate under experimental conditions causes changes in the immune system of experimental animals, which are characteristic of the allergenic response of the organism to the complement-dependent type.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of mineral adaptogen in experimental immunosuppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 215 (12) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
M. Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Experimental Animals

Abstract. Modern conditions of animal husbandry and poultry farming dictate a continuous search for effective means that increase the natural resistance of the organism of farm animals and poultry. The purpose of the study. In this regard, an experimental study was conducted on laboratory animals using a mineral adaptogen of domestic production in order to determine its effectiveness in conditions of artificially induced immunosuppression. The objectives of the study were to determine the immunobiochemical status, subcellular and intra-organ changes in the organs of the immune system at all levels. Research methods. Experimental studies were carried out using generally accepted zootechnical, pathomorphological, histological, immunobiochemical and statistical research methods. Results. Immunobiochemical changes in the body of experimental animals are described. Microscopic changes at the level of tissues and cells in the organs of the immune system at all levels are described. Changes in the organs of the immune system during immunosuppression and against the background of feeding mineral adaptogen are described. Morphological examination of the immune system organs in experimental animals revealed prolonged immunosuppressive changes for 14 days. At the same time, after induced immunosuppression, significant structural changes remain in the central and peripheral organs of the immune system in the form of lymphoid tissue atrophy (in the thymus, both in the organ of central immunogenesis and in the organs of the peripheral immune system – the spleen and lymph nodes and intra-organ lymph formations). During histological studies, the structure of cells and tissues, when using a mineral adaptogen, was more morphologically mature and was in a functionally active state, and dystrophic and necrotic processes were observed in the control group. The conducted studies convincingly prove the effect of mineral adaptogen on increasing natural resistance and its immunoprotective properties. Scientific novelty. For the first time in experimental conditions, a simultaneous assessment of the immunobiochemical parameters of the blood of laboratory animals and a microscopic examination of the organs of the immune system at all levels with morphometric analysis of the data obtained were given. As a result of the conducted studies, the immuno- and organoprotective effect of feeding the mineral adaptogen was proved and the immunomodulatory effect was morphometrically confirmed.

scholarly journals Investigating Molecular Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity and the Utility of ToxCast for Immunotoxicity Screening of Chemicals Added to Food

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3332
Author(s):  
Olga V. Naidenko ◽  
David Q. Andrews ◽  
Alexis M. Temkin ◽  
Tasha Stoiber ◽  
Uloma Igara Uche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Toxicological Studies

The development of high-throughput screening methodologies may decrease the need for laboratory animals for toxicity testing. Here, we investigate the potential of assessing immunotoxicity with high-throughput screening data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast program. As case studies, we analyzed the most common chemicals added to food as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) shown to migrate to food from packaging materials or processing equipment. The antioxidant preservative tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed activity both in ToxCast assays and in classical immunological assays, suggesting that it may affect the immune response in people. From the PFAS group, we identified eight substances that can migrate from food contact materials and have ToxCast data. In epidemiological and toxicological studies, PFAS suppress the immune system and decrease the response to vaccination. However, most PFAS show weak or no activity in immune-related ToxCast assays. This lack of concordance between toxicological and high-throughput data for common PFAS indicates the current limitations of in vitro screening for analyzing immunotoxicity. High-throughput in vitro assays show promise for providing mechanistic data relevant for immune risk assessment. In contrast, the lack of immune-specific activity in the existing high-throughput assays cannot validate the safety of a chemical for the immune system.

Physical plasma and leukocytes – immune or reactive?

2018 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Bekeschus ◽  
Christian Seebauer ◽  
Kristian Wende ◽  
Anke Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Physical Plasma

AbstractLeukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific sites throughout the body. Less than a decade ago, physical plasmas entered the field of medicine to deliver their delicate mix of reactive species and other physical agents for mainly dermatological or oncological therapy. Plasma treatment thus affects leukocytes via direct or indirect means: immune cells are either present in tissues during treatment, or infiltrate or exfiltrate plasma-treated areas. The immune system is crucial for human health and resolution of many types of diseases. It is therefore vital to study the response of leukocytes after plasma treatmentin vitroandin vivo. This review gathers together the major themes in the plasma treatment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and puts these into the context of wound healing and oncology, the two major topics in plasma medicine.

scholarly journals FURTHER STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF TISSUE EXTRACTS ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

1946 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo G. Nutini ◽  
Sister Eva Maria Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Extract ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Tissue Extracts

1. The ability of alcoholic-precipitated extracts of beef tissue—brain, spleen, heart, and kidney—to stimulate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, in vitro, and to convert the yellow S form to a white R variant with altered biochemical characteristics conforming to those of an avirulent organism, has been confirmed. 2. The avirulence of the white R variant has been established by tests in vivo on mice. 3. Staphylococcus aureus infections induced subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously in mice responded favorably to brain extract following subcutaneous or oral administration. The mortality was 2 per cent in 444 experimental animals and 81 per cent in 448 control animals. 4. The extracts appeared equally efficient when used therapeutically (mortality 2 per cent of 162 experimental animals and 90 per cent in the control series) or prophylactically (mortality 2 per cent of 282 experimental animals and 76 per cent in 286 control mice). Extracts of brain and spleen were more effective than those of either heart or kidney. 5. Studies concerning the mechanism of action of the tissue extracts indicate that they prevented the formation of toxin by Staphylococcus aureus, and had but little effect on toxin actions. 6. Toxicity tests revealed that the brain and spleen extracts were relatively non-toxic, dosages equivalent to 2 per cent of the body weight being well tolerated. Kidney and heart extracts were much more toxic, producing mortality in dosages as low as 0.3 per cent of the body weight.

scholarly journals Nanoparticle interaction with the immune system / Interakcije nanodelcev z imunskim sistemom

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veno Kononenko ◽  
Mojca Narat ◽  
Damjana Drobne
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Nanoparticle Interactions ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract When nanoparticles enter the body, their interactions with cells are almost unavoidable. Unintended nanoparticle interaction with immune cells may elicit a molecular response that can have toxic effects and lead to greater susceptibility to infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer development. As evidenced by several studies, nanoparticle interactions with biological systems can stimulate inflammatory or allergic reactions and activate the complement system. Nanoparticles can also stimulate immune response by acting as adjuvants or as haptens. Immunosuppressive effects have also been reported. This article gives a brief review of in vitro and in vivo research evidencing stimulatory or suppressive effects of nanoparticles on the immune system of mammals. In order to ensure safe use of nanosized particles, future research should focus on how their physical and chemical properties influence their behaviour in the biological environment, as they not only greatly affect nanoparticle-immune system interactions but can also interfere with experimental assays

scholarly journals Experimental evaluation of allergenic properties of Bisphenol-5

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 00063
Author(s):  
R. M. Ahmadullin ◽  
R. S. Muhammadiev ◽  
L. R. Valiullin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Anaphylactic Shock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Test Drug ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Control ◽  
Respiratory Movements

The paper presents the results of preclinical studies of the allergenic properties of a new drug bisphenol-5, which has pronounced anti-radical activity. An experimental study of the antioxidant was carried out in doses of 2, 5, 20 mg/kg in guinea pigs and rabbits. It was shown that bisphenol-5 is not able to cause a general anaphylaxis reaction (anaphylactic shock). By the method of skin applications, the absence of allergenic effects of the drug in animals was found. During the formulation of conjunctival tests in experimental and control animals, signs of hypersensitivity, both immediate and delayed, were not observed with respect to the test drug. Changes in body temperature, pulse rate, and the number of respiratory movements as a result of clinical studies of the state of the animal organism after applying bisphenol-5 were also not recorded. Thus, the drug Besphenol-5 in the studied doses and under the selected experimental conditions does not have a negative effect on the body of laboratory animals and does not have allergenic properties.

Some Observations on the Behaviour of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in different kinds of Laboratory Animals

1961 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Gharib
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Lymph System ◽  
Rats And Mice

(1) Rats and mice are specific hosts to N. brasiliensis.(2) The life span of the parasite may reach up to 100 days in the rat but is much shorter in other experimental animals.(3) Chickens do not become infected with this parasite.(4) It was found that the route of migration of this parasite inside the body to the lungs was via the lymph system and not via the blood in all experimental animals.(5) The larvae, after application to the skin, reach the lymph glands draining the site of infection, not before 12 hours ; and they reach the lungs at 18 hours after exposure to infection.

scholarly journals Minireview: Estrogen Receptor-β: Mechanistic Insights from Recent Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie J. Deroo ◽  
Adrian V. Buensuceso
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Β ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Estrogen Action ◽  
Organ Systems

Abstract The discovery of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in 1996 stimulated great interest in the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ERβ action. We now know that ERβ plays a major role in mediating estrogen action in several tissues and organ systems, including the ovary, cardiovascular system, brain, and the immune system, and that ERβ and ERα generally play distinct physiological roles in the body. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of ERβ action, particularly in vitro, there remains a large gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ERβ elicits its biological functions in a true physiological context.

165 Activating antigen carriers generated with microfluidics cell squeezing drive effective anti-tumor responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A178-A178
Author(s):  
Katarina Blagovic ◽  
Amritha Ramakrishnan ◽  
Armon Sharei ◽  
Howard Bernstein ◽  
Katherine Seidl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Antigen Presentation ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Peptide Antigen ◽  
Cell Responses

BackgroundActivation of T cell responses is essential for effective tumor clearance, however generating targeted, effective antigen presentation to stimulate T cell response remains challenging. We can harness the natural process of red blood cell (RBC) clearance from the body to activate the antigen-specific immune responses. Using the Cell Squeeze® microfluidics platform, we generate activating antigen carriers (AACs) from RBCs to drive antigen presentation and T cell activation in human and murine models.MethodsWe loaded proteins or synthetic long peptide antigens together with adjuvants into murine or human RBCs with Cell Squeeze® (SQZ’ing) to generate AACs and investigated the effects of SQZ’ing on the RBC membrane. Following intravenous AAC injection into mice, we measured AAC clearance kinetics and characterized the site and cell type of AAC uptake. We investigated the regulation of activation markers on phagocytes that engulf AACs, clearance of endogenous RBCs in mice treated with AACs, and the effect of boosting with AACs on endogenous T cell responses. To determine the ability of AACs to control subcutaneously implanted tumors, we measured tumor growth rates in mice therapeutically treated and boosted with AACs. Finally, we observed in vitro uptake of human AACs loaded with adjuvant and resultant maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MODCs) to qualify adjuvant delivery. Peptide antigen delivery to human AACs was measured with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.ResultsWe demonstrated that SQZ’ing effectively loads AACs without reducing CD47 expression. When administered into a mouse, AACs were cleared from circulation within one hour and were engulfed by professional phagocytes in both the spleen and liver. In vivo, AACs upregulated activation markers on macrophages and DCs, and administration of AACs does not affect clearance or half-life of endogenous RBCs. Therapeutic AAC administration to mice strongly impedes tumor growth and extends survival; the anti-tumor responses correlate with >10x increase in antigen-specific CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared to untreated mice. Boosting enhances endogenous T cell responses and boosting at early time points in the tumor model enhances low dose vaccinations. In an in vitro human system, we demonstrated that human AACs can be loaded with peptide antigen and adjuvant such that upon engulfment, AACs stimulated MODC maturation.ConclusionsIn summary, these results indicate that AACs loaded with antigen and adjuvant can effectively drive antigen presentation and prime a potent anti-tumor response in mice. These data support the further study of SQZ AACs as an immunotherapy for cancer treatment.Ethics ApprovalAll methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at SQZ Biotechnologies, using the recommendations from the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health and the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. All activities were also conducted in accordance with Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Use and Care of Laboratory Animals.

In Vitro Models for Studying Renal Stone Formation: A Clear Alternative

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-503
Author(s):  
Felix Grases ◽  
Rafael M. Prieto ◽  
Antonia Costa-Bauzá
Keyword(s):  
Renal Stone ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Experimental Conditions

This paper discusses the limitations of using laboratory animals for direct in vivo observation of the development of renal stones. In fact, the majority of hypotheses related to mechanisms of stone formation have been based on the results of in vitro experiments. The relevance of in vitro experiments that allow the study of urolithiasis depends upon the degree of correspondence between the experimental conditions and those prevailing in the stone-forming kidney in vivo. For this reason, several in vitro experimental systems that attempt to reproduce the conditions found in vivo have been developed in order to study renal stone formation, which have been classified into two main groups: a) models to study papillary stone formation; and b) models to study “sedimentary” stone formation. These models are briefly described in this paper, and the information obtained was compared with that resulting from a study of the fine structure of real human renal calculi, in order to prove the validity of the models. It was concluded that the experimental in vitro models can closely reproduce the renal conditions under which human calculi are developed. This allows important data to be obtained about the aetiology of renal lithiasis, which is of great relevance to the development of effective treatments for this disease. Therefore, experimental in vitro models constitute a clear alternative to the use of laboratory animals.

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