The history of scientific ideas through the prism of the history of philosophical ideas

В статье предлагается метод, который наводит мост между историей науки и историей философии – метод параллельной реконструкции истории становления научной теории и её философского прообраза, под которым понимается совокупность философских предпосылок и оснований этой теории. Метод основан на концепции, согласно которой актуальное бытие философских идей представляет собой, помимо возможностей собственного развития, потенциальное бытие научных идей. Из обширного и многомерного резервуара философских идей развитие науки актуализирует лишь некоторые смыслы и только в исторически специфической конкретно-научной интерпре-тации. Мы не знаем заведомо, какие новые преломления в научном сознании может получить та или иная старая философская идея: теоретически количество таких интерпретаций бесконечно. Но в имеющейся научной теории мы в состоянии проследить её философскую подоплёку до самых базовых её предпосылок. По мнению авторов, рассмотрение истории науки в таком ключе способствует видению интеллектуальной истории как единого процесса, в котором постоянно перекликаются история философских идей и история научных идей, взаимно стимулируя друг друга и сливаясь в процессе интеллектуального прогресса. Нахождение философских оснований какой-либо современной научной теории позволяет провести её определённое философское обоснование, что в ситуации конкуренции с другой научной теорией, при прочих равных условиях, может служить дополнительным аргументом в пользу данной теории. The article proposes a method that builds a bridge between the history of science and the history of philosophy - a method of parallel reconstruction of the history of the formation of a scientific theory and its philosophical prototype, which is understood as a combination of philosophical premises and foundations of this theory. The method is based on a concept, according to which the actual being of philosophical ideas is, besides the possibilities of their own development, the potential being of scientific ideas. From the vast and multidimensional reservoir of philosophical ideas, the subsequent development of science actualizes and develops only some meanings and only in a historically specific concrete scientific interpretation. We certainly do not know what new reflections in the scientific consciousness one or another old philosophical idea can receive: theoretically, the number of such interpretations is infinite. But in the existing scientific theory, we are able to trace its philosophical background to its most basic premises. According to the authors, the consideration of the history of science in this vein contributes to the vision of intellectual history as a single process in which the history of philosophical ideas and the history of scientific ideas constantly resonate, mutually stimulating each other and merging in the process of intellectual progress. Finding the philosophical foundations of any modern scientific theory allows us to carry out its certain philosophical justification, which in a situation of competition with another scientific theory, ceteris paribus, can serve as an additional argument in favor of this theory.

Unsupervised Building Instance Segmentation of Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds for Parallel Reconstruction Analysis

Efficient building instance segmentation is necessary for many applications such as parallel reconstruction, management and analysis. However, most of the existing instance segmentation methods still suffer from low completeness, low correctness and low quality for building instance segmentation, which are especially obvious for complex building scenes. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised building instance segmentation (UBIS) method of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds for parallel reconstruction analysis, which combines a clustering algorithm and a novel model consistency evaluation method. The proposed method first divides building point clouds into building instances by the improved kd tree 2D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-2DSNN). Then, the geometric feature of the building instance is obtained using the model consistency evaluation method, which is used to determine whether the building instance is a single building instance or a multi-building instance. Finally, for multiple building instances, the improved kd tree 3D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-3DSNN) is used to divide multi-building instances again to improve the accuracy of building instance segmentation. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed UBIS method obtained good performances for various buildings in different scenes such as high-rise building, podium buildings and a residential area with detached houses. A comparative analysis confirms that the proposed UBIS method performed better than state-of-the-art methods.

Reconstructing Antarctic snow accumulation using nitrogen isotopes of nitrate

<p>Precise Antarctic snow accumulation estimates are needed to understand past and future changes in global sea levels, but standard reconstructions using water isotopes suffer from competing isotopic effects external to accumulation. We present here an alternative accumulation proxy based on the post-depositional photolytic fractionation of nitrogen isotopes (d<sup>15</sup>N) in nitrate. On the high plateau of East Antarctica, sunlight penetrating the uppermost snow layers converts snow-borne nitrate into nitrogen oxide gas that can be lost to the atmosphere. This nitrate loss favors <sup>14</sup>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> over <sup>15</sup>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, and thus the d<sup>15</sup>N of nitrate remaining in the snow will steadily increase until the nitrate is eventually buried beneath the reach of light. Because the duration of time until burial is dependent upon the rate of net snow accumulation, sites with lower accumulation rates have a longer burial wait and thus higher d<sup>15</sup>N values. A linear relationship (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.86) between d<sup>15</sup>N and net accumulation<sup>-1</sup> is calculated from over 120 samples representing 105 sites spanning East Antarctica. These sites largely encompass the full range of snow accumulation rates observed in East Antarctica, from 25 kg m-<sup>2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> at deep interior sites to >400 kg m-<sup>2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> at near coastal sites. We apply this relationship as a transfer function to an Aurora Basin ice core to produce a 700-year record of accumulation changes. Our nitrate-based estimate compares very well with a parallel reconstruction for Aurora Basin that uses volcanic horizons and ice-penetrating radar. Continued improvements to our database may enable precise independent estimates of millennial-scale accumulation changes using deep ice cores such as EPICA Dome C and Beyond EPICA-Oldest Ice.</p>

Synchronous algorithm for parallel reconstruction of three-dimensional images based on the MPI system

Одни из наиболее важных вычислительных задач разработка и адаптация итерационных методов для решения сверхбольших разреженных систем алгебраических уравнений. К таким вычислительным задачам приводит задача итерационной параллельной реконструкции трехмерных изображений промышленных изделий. Важно, что итерационные методы решения вычислительных задач большой размерности реализуются на параллельных структурах намного эффективнее, чем прямые методы их решения. В этой работе описан синхронный параллельный алгоритм, основанный на использовании системы MPI для решения задачи реконструкции трехмерных изображений промышленных изделий. Purpose. Currently, one of the most important tasks is the development and adaptation of iterative methods for solving ultra-large sparse systems of algebraic equations. Such computational problems are caused by the iterative parallel reconstruction of three-dimensional images of industrial products. It is important that iterative methods for solving computational problems of large size are implemented on parallel structures much more efficiently than direct methods for solving them. This paper describes a synchronous parallel algorithm based on the MPI system for solving the problem of reconstruction of three-dimensional images of industrial products. Methodology. It is important that iterative methods for solving computational problems of larger dimensionality on parallel structures are implemented more efficiently than the direct ones. Most algorithms based on direct solving methods have a significant hereditary sequential structure and require a large number of processors interactions which cannot be executed in parallel mode. Iterative methods, for the most part, require a significantly smaller number of interactions of this type and are relatively easily mapped onto parallel computational structures. Equally important, in most cases parallel implementations of classical iterative methods are more effective in terms of computational speed. The parallel execution of the algorithm is based on the distribution of the process in some way between various groups of processors. Depending on the interaction method between local processors, two different types of parallel iterative algorithms execution are distinguished: synchronous and asynchronous. In the former case, it is assumed that the processors complete the calculations and exchange all the necessary results before the start of a new iteration. The main disadvantage of synchronous parallel algorithms is that they require synchronization of iterations. This is a very difficult task, especially with large number of processors. In addition, the overall calculation speed is limited by the speed of the slowest processor. At the same time, faster processors spend most of their time in the waiting mode. But, nevertheless, the implementation of these parallel algorithms can be effectively achieved using the MPI standard. Findings. Synchronous parallel computing algorithms and program codes for threedimensional tomographic reconstruction in a conical beam were developed. Program code debugging and numerical calculations were performed on a hybrid cluster based on the OpenPOWER architecture using the MPI system. For designing a parallel threedimensional tomographic reconstruction, a voxel form of parallelism was used. Originality. Implemented parallel iterative technology of three-dimensional images reconstruction has undeniable advantages over traditional sequential iterative tomographic reconstruction. It allows reducing the time of tomographic reconstruction as many as tens of times, provides the ability to reconstruct products with sizes of 5123 to 10243 voxels with simultaneous storage of the submatrix node of the projection matrix in RAM, which eliminates the need for recalculation of matrix coefficients for each new iteration.

Iterative parallel reconstruction of images on OPEN- POWER cluster

Now one of the most important tasks is development and adaptation of iterative methods for the solution of the big rarefied systems of the algebraic equations. The problem of iterative parallel reconstruction of three-dimensional images of industrial facilities leads to such computing tasks. The fact that iterative methods of the solution of computing problems of big dimension are implemented on parallel structures much more effectively is important than direct methods of their decision. In this work the synchronous parallel algorithm is described, based on use of the MPI system for the solution of a problem of reconstruction of three-dimensional images of industrial facilities.