Anarchism: A Legacy of Postmodernism

This study has made the implicit links betweenpostmodernism and anarchism explicit in order to uncoverthe philosophical origins of terrorism in the postmodern society. This studydeals with the Anarchists' philosophical background and howPostmodernism fanned it. Anarchists' approach mainly whirls around asingle point agenda, and that is, they are against the state or existence ofstates' borders. I mention again what Researcher has already mentioned,the state and all other international institutions emerged after a rationalapproach as stated by Hegel. Postmodernism denied that reality in everycontour, whether those are institutions or anything else. Anarchism broughtthis concept into a broader paradigm and started denying the existence ofthe state. So, both postmodernists and anarchists have denied the realityin their own capacities, but the grounds and arguments are the same.Anarchism paved the way for multiple active terrors based centrifugalmovements throughout the world.

Kazimierz Twardowski’s Philosophy and Mykhailo Rudnytskyi’s Literary Criticism

In this article Twardowski’s philosophy and Rudnytskyi’s literary criticism have been compared for the first time. The purpose of the comparative analysis was to identify Twardowski’s tradition in the works of his student Rudnytskyi. This comparison seems to contribute to a rethinking of Rudnytskyi’s literary criticism in Ukrainian culture, namely to clarify its philosophical background, conceptual apparatus, and methodology. In the introduction some critical remarks on Rudnytskyi’s literary work, that were made by Ukrainian scholars, have been provided. Next, in the first part, the methodological and philosophical background of Twardowski’s philosophy has been analyzed. The second part encompasses an attempt to reconstruct Rudnytskyi’s literary criticism. In the third part the author argues the direct impact of Twardowski’s philosophy on Rudnytskyi’s literary criticism. Finally, in the conclusions, the author claims that Rudnytskyi’s literary criticism had a philosophical background, conceptual apparatus, and methodology.

Aristotle’s Mixture in its Medical and Philosophical Background: The Hippocratic De victu and the Aristotelian De generatione et corruptione

Aristotle’s notion of qualitative interaction ruling both the process of mixture and the process of reciprocal elemental transmutation is based upon the idea of a physical contrariety endowed with two extremes and a wide central area where the opposite forces reach different equilibrium points (i.e., the so-called mixtures) or can be present to the fullest degree (in this case we do not have a mixture, but an element). Differently from previous scholarship which attributes this notion specifically to Aristotle, we have found, in a text which Aristotle seems to have been acquainted with, the Hippocratic De victu, an incipient structure of a contrariety endowed with extremes and a central area where opposite forces meet and yield respective equilibrium points, mixtures, which, as in Aristotle, give an account of the variety of beings existing in the world. In this article, we suggest the possibility that in the development of the Aristotelian thinking about elemental and qualitative dynamics, the Hippocratic De victu may have contributed to suggesting to Aristotle a way of envisioning the structure of his basic physical contrarieties.

The Literary Imagination

Engaging the example of the Literary Imagination assignment, this paper presents the unfolding of design studio coursework that empowers each student to explore their personal and distinctively unique imagination for the making of drawings. By examining its implementation and the philosophical background anchoring our approach, this paper seeks to illuminate how literature may draw out the unexpected and enrich spatial understanding.

Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Santet

The philosophical background of witchcraft can be classified as a criminal act because witchcraft is recognized and believed to exist in the community, and causes unrest, but cannot be prevented and eradicated through law because of difficulties in proving it. So in this case, criminal sanctions are needed for the perpetrators of witchcraft. The purpose of this study is to analyze the criminal sanctions against the perpetrators of the crime of witchcraft. The method used in this research is normative with a statutory approach. The data sources used are primary, secondary, tertiary data sources obtained from recording and quoting relevant legal materials. The results of the study reveal that accountability for perpetrators of witchcraft is not written or listed in the current Criminal Code (KUHP). But it is different in the Draft Criminal Code (RKUHP), perpetrators of witchcraft can now be made a criminal act even though it does not specifically include the word witchcraft in the RKUHP. The formulation of the crime in Article 293 of the RKUHP is increasingly clear that perpetrators of witchcraft possessing the elements referred to may be subject to a maximum imprisonment of 5 years and a category IV fine.

Why we need an internationally shared rehabilitation definition for clinical research purposes

Purpose: Responding to a recent editorial arguing against defining rehabilitation, we discuss the reasons for developing a classification of rehabilitation for research purposes, its philosophical background and some of the possible risks. Why define: Science requires the definition and classification of phenomena to allow replication of experiments and studies, and to allow interpretation and use of the findings. As understanding increases, the definitions can be refined. Defining rehabilitation does run the risk of excluding some interventions or practices that are either considered rehabilitation (perhaps wrongly) or are rehabilitation interventions; when identified, these errors in definition can be remedied. Defining rehabilitation for research purposes should not inhibit but could (possibly) orient research. Risk of not: Without a definition, rehabilitation will remain in a permanent limbo. Experts will (apparently) know what it is, while others are left guessing or failing to comprehend or recognise it. This uncertainty may reassure some people, because all possible interventions are included; we argue that it downgrades the understanding of our field because interventions that are not rehabilitation are, nonetheless, called rehabilitation. In an era of international collaboration, and of undertaking systematic reviews with metanalysis, we need a shared definition. Conclusion: Terminology is often controversial, but definition enables progress in understanding such that terms themselves can evolve over time.

The history of scientific ideas through the prism of the history of philosophical ideas

В статье предлагается метод, который наводит мост между историей науки и историей философии – метод параллельной реконструкции истории становления научной теории и её философского прообраза, под которым понимается совокупность философских предпосылок и оснований этой теории. Метод основан на концепции, согласно которой актуальное бытие философских идей представляет собой, помимо возможностей собственного развития, потенциальное бытие научных идей. Из обширного и многомерного резервуара философских идей развитие науки актуализирует лишь некоторые смыслы и только в исторически специфической конкретно-научной интерпре-тации. Мы не знаем заведомо, какие новые преломления в научном сознании может получить та или иная старая философская идея: теоретически количество таких интерпретаций бесконечно. Но в имеющейся научной теории мы в состоянии проследить её философскую подоплёку до самых базовых её предпосылок. По мнению авторов, рассмотрение истории науки в таком ключе способствует видению интеллектуальной истории как единого процесса, в котором постоянно перекликаются история философских идей и история научных идей, взаимно стимулируя друг друга и сливаясь в процессе интеллектуального прогресса. Нахождение философских оснований какой-либо современной научной теории позволяет провести её определённое философское обоснование, что в ситуации конкуренции с другой научной теорией, при прочих равных условиях, может служить дополнительным аргументом в пользу данной теории. The article proposes a method that builds a bridge between the history of science and the history of philosophy - a method of parallel reconstruction of the history of the formation of a scientific theory and its philosophical prototype, which is understood as a combination of philosophical premises and foundations of this theory. The method is based on a concept, according to which the actual being of philosophical ideas is, besides the possibilities of their own development, the potential being of scientific ideas. From the vast and multidimensional reservoir of philosophical ideas, the subsequent development of science actualizes and develops only some meanings and only in a historically specific concrete scientific interpretation. We certainly do not know what new reflections in the scientific consciousness one or another old philosophical idea can receive: theoretically, the number of such interpretations is infinite. But in the existing scientific theory, we are able to trace its philosophical background to its most basic premises. According to the authors, the consideration of the history of science in this vein contributes to the vision of intellectual history as a single process in which the history of philosophical ideas and the history of scientific ideas constantly resonate, mutually stimulating each other and merging in the process of intellectual progress. Finding the philosophical foundations of any modern scientific theory allows us to carry out its certain philosophical justification, which in a situation of competition with another scientific theory, ceteris paribus, can serve as an additional argument in favor of this theory.