Transaction Cost for Salt Farmers in Pesanggrahan Village, Kwanyar District, Bangkalan Regency

The purpose of this study was to identify the transaction costs of salt farming in Pesanggrahan village, Kwanyar district, Bangkalan district. This study uses a qualitative method to identify the transaction costs of salt farming in Pesanggrahan village, Kwanyar district, Bangkalan district. We found that there are three types of transaction costs in salt cultivation in Pesanggrahan village, Kwanyar district, Bangkalan district, namely asymmetric information, contract costs, and negotiation costs. There are transaction costs in the process of buying and selling salt production between farmers and salt factories. This is identified by the emergence of Asymmetric Information in "Salt Price" and "Making Sorat Jelen" Between Farmers and Salt Factory. Negotiations between Farmers and Se Andi' Sorat (Quantity and Time of Sales) and Se Andi' Sorat with Salt Factory (Quantity and Price of Salt). The Farmer Contract Provisions Must Have Sorat Jelen become a system that makes the transaction costs of salt farmers and salt factories high. Having a travel permit is very difficult for salt farmers, this is because there are several requirements that must be carried out by them. This requirement then led to a contract between the salt farmer and the salt factory.

Cost Escalation in Road Construction Contracts

This paper presents a study of cost escalation in unit price road construction contracts. The aim is to investigate why the final cost of contracts differs from the agreed contract cost following tendering, both to identify causes of observed discrepancies and to suggest measures that could improve the planning and delivery of future projects. Road projects often consist of several contracts and as they account for the biggest costs of the projects, cost escalation in the contracts may increase the risk of project cost overrun. Even if contract cost performance is an important indicator of project success, it may be too simplistic to equate this with project success. It is quite possible to deliver a project within budget even if contract costs escalate, as long as the project cost contingency is adequate to cover such escalations. However, escalations in contracts increase the risk of project overrun and may lead to other problems such as conflicts and delays. The results show that most of the studied contracts experienced cost escalation. The main cause of the escalation was change orders to the scope that were not covered by the original contract. In addition, the results indicate that complexity represented by contract size, duration, and urban location increases the risk and size of cost overrun. Based on these findings, the paper presents some recommendations on how contract delivery can be improved as well as some implications for future research.

COST PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND TIME DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION PROJECT BRIDGE CHAIN KARANGGENENG NAWACITA CS USING THE EARNED VALUE METHOD

Cost, quality, and time are mandatory targets of construction management; project work can be said to be successful if triple constants cost, quality, and time the construction work of the Karanggeneng Nawacita Cs Suspension Bridge is a JUDESA project APBN project and has a period of 19 weeks working days with a budget of Rp 8.213.826.000, in the process of implementing the bridge construction, it is not free from several technical and non-technical constraints, the method earned value in this study used to determine Early Warning and integrate the concept of time and cost from the method, it earned value can be seen the progress and performance of the project with SV, CV, SPI, CPI, ECD, and EAC, from this study the results obtained ETC Rp 3.322.492.617. ETS review of the 14th week is 39 days, and to complete the project is EAC greater than Rp 82.137.617 of contract costs. While completing the project, EAS is 137 days, requiring additional work time for 12 days. Based on the results of the analysis conducted by the service provider must take appropriate fast action to avoid excessive over budget

CORRUPTION: A PROBLEM IN ROMANIAN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT

Even though the relevance of corruption is very high in all fields of activity, the specialized literature in the field of public procurement has paid very little or even no attention to this crucial phenomenon. The field of public procurement presents a high risk of corruption, the evidence being the large number of high-level corruption cases in several Member States of the European Union. The study presents the specialized literature related to corruption in public procurement in the European Union and United States of America, analyzes the level of corruption in public procurement in Romania, the causes that generate corruption and the main measures to combat it. The article also presents the results of a survey realized among the purchasers from Romania which addresses the main elements of corruption in the field of public procurement. The survey analyzes issues related to corruption in public procurement in Romania, such as: level of corruption, control over corruption, frequency of occurrence of corruption acts, procurement procedures most prone to corruption, characteristics of the procurement procedures that favors the occurrence of corruption, most widespread way of manifesting corruption, most important consequence of corruption, percentage of increasing contract costs due to corruption, most effective anti-corruption measure.

Outsourcing Practices: Benefits and Pitfalls as Perceived by Professionals and Managers

This study aims to examine the promising benefits and pitfalls of outsourcing practices in the Nepalese industries. This paper follows a descriptive research design. By using a selective sampling technique, a total of 555 questionnaires were distributed to the professionals and managers of 37 companies listed in the Nepal Stock Exchange (NEPSE) in different types of industries of Nepal. Based on the empirical results it is found that concentration on core activities and competencies, improve responsiveness to customers, increased flexibility, quality improvements, cost-saving, and accountability are the top-ranked benefits of outsourcing practices in Nepalese industries. Change problems, contract costs, maintaining the relationship, lost opportunity, and loss of distinctive competencies are some of the notified pitfalls of outsourcing practices. Also, the companies may suffer from the lost opportunity because selling a strategic resource may end up costing them in the long-run. Due to outsourcing practices, the companies may suffer from losing public image, quality of service, outsourcer profit, loss of flexibility, and losing control as well. Therefore, the companies should be serious regarding outsourcing decision-making. To get more benefits from these practices companies need to maintain a smooth relationship with suppliers and vendors. They need to select the partners who match to expertise and business scale. They also need to consider the costs and risks associated with such practices. They need to focus on effective communications in terms of cost, time differences, and cultural difficulties and protect intellectual property as well. At the top of all the companies also need to consider customers' attitudes, expectations, and needs.

The role of accounting in contracting process of corporations

The expediency of conducting researches in the direction of determining the role of accounting in the contracting process of corporate structures has been grounded. A historical analysis of the approaches of researchers to understanding the role of accounting in the contracting process of the corporate structure has been conducted. The value of accounting information in reducing contract costs has been determined. It has been substantiated that accounting allows to measure contractual requirements of agents and remuneration, to provide information on contract performance to principals and information on corporate structure activity to potential agents. It has been found that accounting is a part of a set of corporate structure contracts and is the object of negotiation among agents and other parties of contractual relationships. There are two main areas of use of accounting information in the contractual process of the corporate structure in the context of agency problems (concerning managers and borrowers) have been allocated.

Bundling Bridge and Other Highway Projects: Patterns and Policies

The concept of project bundling—combining multiple projects into a single contract—continues to gain momentum. Unanswered questions from past studies include how to quantify project bundling benefits. This paper addresses the issue using a data-driven approach that involves initial comparisons of the unit average project costs of single and bundled projects, preliminary investigations of the potential influential variables of project cost, the development of project cost statistical models, and an analysis of past and possible future bundling strategies. The study found that the primary drivers of project cost include the project size (economies of scale), bundling strategy (economies of bundling), and bidding market conditions (economies of competition). It is also shown that the similarity between different project types in terms of their constituent pay items is an influential factor on project cost. The study confirmed that larger contracts yield economies of scale but may also lead to less competition (discouraging all but the largest firms from bidding). This finding suggests the existence of a contract-size threshold beyond which the unit project cost increases with increasing project cost. By analyzing past bundling strategies, the study identified the most frequent combinations of work categories in the past bundled contracts. The study also carried out scenario analyses using hypothetical bundling strategies applied to actual past projects and determined that bundling projects using a carefully designed strategy can yield significantly reduced overall contract costs.