Luster measurement of pearl by UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy

Pearl is an organic gem with its unique color and luster. One of the factors determining the quality and price of pearl is the luster. The different luster of pearls could be related to the different phase structures such as aragonite, calcite and vaterite. Previously, a gloss meter has been developed to measure light specularly reflected at 45° to the surface normal. Six different visual criteria for measuring gloss have been determined. Luster, a type of gloss, was defined as the ratio of specularly reflected light and that diffusely reflected normal to the surface. In practice, luster may be interpreted as relative brightness of specularly and diffusely reflecting areas. Due to the roundness of pearl, we measured the luster of pearl samples by a portable UV-Vis spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. The luster could be calculated from the difference of CIELAB lightness measured by SCI and SCE geometries.

Comparative Analysis of Spin, Paths, Temporal, and Spatial Modes

Research on optical modes, such as orbital, temporal, or parity, bring much attention, for these new degrees of freedom allow larger quantum communication alphabets. Each lab usually adapts the Bloch or Poincare sphere to their experiment or light mode. This takes an extra effort and time and produces a plethora of spheres and notations. Yet, we miss a common framework or convention valid among diverse physical-modes. We aim to unite in one representation the best points from many different spheres. Such common-sphere could also help to compare distant experiments, for an intuitive understanding of quantum optical states. We built a common representation by mathematically aligning the Hilbert space and a three dimensional color space. We define a unique color for each one of the three Poincare axes and positive Pauli vectors. Beyond three primary colors and states, our equations associate each Hilbert state to a specific tonality, among the infinite combinations in Color space. These maths achieve a new ability to unequivocally represent any quantum state by its precise combination of colors. Thus, with these equations, quantum states ‘yellow’ or ‘magenta’ are not mere names, rather each one denotes an exact superposition in Hilbert space. To handle disparities between SO3 vs. SU2 space operations, we propose a darkness bit and a Hermite-inspired shape. A simulation of HG modes let us align distinct shapes to quantum optical states. Three examples of applications show our color sphere in practice. First, we apply the Hilbert-Color mapping in Polarization. Then, the same color-space is shown in Orbital Angular Momentum. We also represent location paths in this color-mapping. The simulations and practical comparisons let us refine the proposed color sphere convention. For higher-order and path-to-industry, any sphere section serves as color constellation diagram. One color-space sphere served as common ground to represent coexisting concepts among diverse physical areas. The introduced change diagrams are visual tools to communicate setups and operators. The examples showed a unique notation matches many physical processes. The resulting diagram of superposition of spatially separated optical paths is coherent with a Plate on Polarization or cylinder lens on OAM Hermite Gaussian modes. A unique change diagram describes the three examples. The meaning persist despite the physical implementation. Found also how this color space let us grasp visually some meaning. Thus, the amount of blue in a state representation indicated the degree of its phase shift. Overall, we presented math and visual tools to display and compare experiments. We showed examples in different physical modes, all linked to a unique color sphere.

COLOR NOMENCLATURES IN BALINESE LANGUAGE WITHIN LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

<p class="p2">Balinese language has some unique color nomenclatures. How those colors are categorized into different nomenclatures becomes the first concern of this study. Then, why those nomenclatures are linguistically unique and exist culturally in different ways is the second question. NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) is used both in theory and method. Since some Balinese terms are inexplicable through semantic primes of the NSM, linguistic relativity theory is used to dig descriptive meanings and concepts of those color nomenclatures in Balinese cultural linguistic realm. The study finds that there are four color nomenclatures in Balinese language, and those nomenclatures are different mainly because of religious and historical backgrounds.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p>

KOTA KOSMOPOLITAN BANTEN PADA MASA KEJAYAAN JALUR REMPAH NUSANTARA ABAD XVI HINGGA ABAD XVII

Abstrak Kota kosmopolitan merupakan bagian atau simpul dari jaringan-jaringan transnasional yang terbentuk dari aktivitas ekonomi dan perdagangan, dimana kemudian terciptalah berbagai interaksi dan pertukaran budaya, ide, dan beragam aktivitas manusia. Kehidupan kosmopolis yang tercipta di Banten telah memberikan warna dalam sejarah Jalur Rempah Nusantara. Toleransi dalam keberagaman dan kemajemukan yang tercipta di kota-kota pelabuhan di sepanjang garis pantai Nusantara selama masa kejayaan Jalur Rempah merupakan nilai penting dalam melihat Indonesia pada masa kini. Kajian ini secara lebih dalam akan melihat seperti apakah rupa dari keberagaman yang tercipta di Banten? serta bagaimanakah mereka dapat saling menjaga keberagaman ini sehingga mampu menjadikan Banten sebagai pelabuhan kosmopolitan yang kaya pada masa tersebut?. Banten menurut Anthony Reid merupakan salah satu contoh dari kota yang berhasil memadukan kemajemukan-kemajemukan yang hidup dan tinggal di dalamnya. Kondisi ini menurut Reid disebabkan oleh keberhasilan kota-kota tersebut dalam menarik para pedagang asing dan orang-orang kaya untuk bergantung kepada mereka. Keduanya dalam beberapa hal terintegrasi menjadi elit yang dominan dan menciptakan kemajemukan budaya yang memungkinkan terselenggaranya perdagangan. Kota pelabuhan Banten telah menjadi kota perdagangan terbuka yang disinggahi oleh berbagai pedagang dari berbagai negeri di Nusantara dan Asia. Banten dalam pandangan Emily Erikson ketika itu merupakan kota yang memang dibangun dan dikelola untuk menjadi sebuah kota dagang yang terbuka bagi berbagai bangsa. Kata Kunci: Kesultanan Banten, Perdagangan Lada, Kosmopolitan, Jalur Rempah, Keberagaman Abstract A cosmopolitan city is a part or node of transnational networks that form by economic and trade activities, which then creates various interactions and exchanges of culture, ideas, and various human activities. The cosmopolitan life in Banten has given a unique color to the history of the Nusantara Spice Route. Tolerance in diversity and plurality that was creating in port cities along the coastline in the Indonesia archipelago during the heyday of the Spice Route era is a high-and-mighty value in seeing Indonesia today. This study will see what kind of diversity that was creating in Banten?, and how they could mutually maintain this diversity to make Banten became a fortune cosmopolitan port at that time? Anthony Reid said that Banten was an example of a city that has succeeded in combining the diversity that lives and lives in it. This condition, according to Reid, was caused by the success of these cities in attracting foreign traders and fortune people to depend on them. In some ways, both are integrated into a dominant elite and create cultural pluralism that makes trade possible. The port city of Banten has become an open trading city visited by various traders from various countries in the archipelago and Asia. Banten, in Emily Erikson's view, was a city that was built and managed to become an open trading city to various nations. Keywords: Banten Sultanate, Pepper Trade, Cosmopolitan, Spice Route, Diversity

Helical springs as a color indicator for determining chirality and enantiomeric excess

Chirality plays a key role in the physiological system, because molecular functionalities may drastically alter due to a change in chirality. We report herein a unique color indicator with a static helicity memory, which exhibits visible color changes in response to the chirality of chiral amines. A difference of less than 2% in the enantiomeric excess (ee) values causes a change in the absorption that is visible to the naked eyes. This was further quantified by digital photography by converting to RGB values. This system relies on the change in the tunable helical pitch of the π-conjugated polymer backbone in specific solvents and allows rapid on-site monitoring of chirality of nonracemic amines, including drugs, and the simultaneous quantitative determination of their ee values.

New Records of Polymita venusta (Gmelin, 1792) Populations in Northern Foothills of Sierra de Boniato, Santiago de Cuba Province

Three new localities of Polymita venusta are uncovered from the northern foothills of Sierra de Boniato in the Santiago de Cuba province. In those, five new populations inhabiting fragmented forests over karstic substratum were found between 238-405 meters above sea level. The rediscovery of a unique color form took place in one colony from the La Luz vicinity. These populations occupy a highly deforested area where the main activities are cattle grazing and agriculture, combined with other anthropic threats. Protected Areas planning for this human highly disturbed zone is nonexistent.

Planning and maintenance of urban architectural environmental color—A case study of xingning traditional block in nanning city

As the most historically and culturally valuable city district in Nanning, Xingning Block has gradually formed its own unique color characteristics and architectural style in the slow process of urban historical development, showing the unique local customs and architectural features. However, restricted by the specific development conditions, many undesirable aspects can be found in the overall architectural landscape color of some nodes on the block, such as lack of systematic planning, poor material matching, messy building color, as well as various challenges of contemporary social development to the architectural environmental color on the block.The architectural environmental color of urban traditional blocks is an important part of the specific history, culture and spirit of the times of a city, which plays a vital role in the development and change of the city. Therefore, how to effectively and reasonably do a good job in sustainable urban planning and development is an issue that must attract the attention of competent authorities at all levels, scientific research institutions and planning practitioners.

A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

A new species of Characidium is described from the tributaries of the rio Tocantinzinho, rio Tocantins basin, located in the southern portion of the Chapada dos Veadeiros, at about 1,200 meters of elevation, Goiás, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed by an unusual combination of two apomorphic features present in distinct clades of Characidium, the presence of a scaleless isthmus in allied to with a single row of dentary teeth. Additionally, the new species has a unique color pattern of inconspicuous vertical bars disconnected from the dorsal midline, forming seven to nine square blotches along body sides, and the presence of a dark saddle-shaped mark at the dorsal-fin base. Osteologically, it can be diagnosed by having the first and second anal-fin proximal radials fused and contacting the third hemal spine, which is branched. The new species also has a peculiar, unusual variation of fin-ray counts among its congeners.

Halochromic optical nose for assessment of spoilage of packed seer fish

Purpose The present study aims to describe the development of halochromic thin film sensors using mixed indicator dyes for monitoring the spoilage of packed seer fish. Design/methodology/approach Thin film was prepared using renewable polysaccharide incorporated with mixed indicator dyes. The thin film was characterized using ultraviolet visible and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The characteristics of the thin film were studied by analyzing the CIELAB and Red Green Blue values and biodegradability. The thin films were evaluated for real-time monitoring of the spoilage of packed seer fish. Findings The thin film sensors were found to exhibit excellent halochromism. The color changes were visible and distinguishable. The sensors responded efficiently for real-time monitoring of spoilage of fish by showing unique color changes. Originality/value This study provides promising mixed indicator that exhibits different colors in the alkaline pH. Also the present study reveals a potential combination of materials for preparation of halochromic sensors that can be used for monitoring the spoilage of packed seer fish in real time.