The Architectural Typology of Contemporary Façades for Public Buildings in the European Context

In contemporary architecture, a border between an exterior and an interior—a façade—is variously designed in terms of form, style, response to climate or culture, individual approach or tools used. Despite the diversity and multi-tread theoretical and practical discourse, the Authors propose the typology of contemporary façades for public buildings (open to society) in the context of European cities by extracting comprehensive architectural features. The term systematic reflects the complexness of the issue by the newly proposed element. Namely, it is a representation of a particular architectural feature with the use of scale. The elaboration consists of (1) an introduction with a literature review and thesis, (2) our aim and method, (3) a historical background; case studies, and systematics introduction (4) conclusions with typology proposal.

Review on Timber Portal Frames and Their Architectural Characteristics

Portal frames being the effective methods of construction today, have a lot to study in terms of their efficiency and material behavior. This review paper focuses on Timber as the material for the frames and its relevance. It involves the architectural features and its use in different types of occupancies with its changing character. Keywords: Timber, cost effective, reliable, simple construction.

An Approach For The Reconstruction of a Traditional Masonry-Wooden Building Located In An Archeological Area. Part I: Methodology

This study, presented in a pair of articles, defines a comprehensive methodological approach to the reconstruction of a traditional masonry-timber mansion building constructed in the 1880s of the Turkish house typology on Istanbul’s historical peninsula area that was intentionally demolished in 1948. A historical process research was carried out in the first stage of the study, after which ground penetration radar measurements and an archeological excavation were carried out to determine any possible remains or ruins of the structure, and the original architectural features of the demolished building were ascertained from the obtained data. The proposed stages in the current paper can be considered a comprehensive approach to the determination of the authentic properties of demolished or destroyed buildings in historical areas, given that the methodology allows for the integration of construction features obtained separately and independently through different activities, such as excavations, georadar measurements and historical surveys. The result is a versatile approach to the complete and realistic reconstruction of historical buildings.

Analysis of Biodeteriogens on Architectural Heritage. An Approach of Applied Botany on a Gothic Building in Southern Italy

The degradation of stone materials depends on several interlinked factors. The effects caused by biodeteriogens on mineral-based substrates are now increasingly considered in the field of cultural heritage conservation from different experimental approaches. In this study, biodeteriogenic micro- and macroflora within the gothic building of Santa Maria della Pietà, Squillace, Calabria, have been analyzed using multiple approaches, such as optical microscopy and molecular techniques. All 17 plant species detected are usually widespread in Mediterranean regions and some of these, such as Ailanthus altissima and Ficus carica, showed a very high hazard index, which is potentially dangerous for masonry stability. Fungi, cyanobacteria, and green algae were identified within biofilm compositions in a total of 23 different taxa, showing many similarities with microbial associations commonly found in cave and hypogean environments. All of the 11 fungal taxa detected belong to Ascomycota phylum, with Penicillium as the most represented genus. Photoautotrophic organisms are mostly represented by filamentous genera, with widespread presence of Leptolyngbya as the most abundant genus. The results highlighted how the singular environmental conditions of the study site, combined with the architectural features and the building materials, determined all the degradation phenomena affecting the building’s internal surfaces, compromising over time the structural integrity.

Integrating Pore Architectures to Evaluate Vascularization Efficacy in Silicate-based Bioceramic Scaffolds

Pore architecture in bioceramic scaffolds plays an important role in facilitating vascularization efficiency during bone repair or orbital reconstruction. Many investigations have explored this relationship but lack integrating pore architectural features in a scaffold, hindering optimization of architectural parameters (geometry, size, curvature) to improve vascularization and consequently clinical outcomes. To address this challenge, we have developed an integrating design strategy to fabricate different pore architectures (cube, gyroid, hexagon) with different pore dimensions (∼350, 500, 650 μm) in the silicate-based bioceramic scaffolds via digital light processing technique. The sintered scaffolds maintained high-fidelity pore architectures similar to the printing model. The hexagon- and gyroid-pore scaffolds exhibited the highest and lowest compressive strength (from 15 to 55 MPa), respectively, but the cube-pore scaffolds showed appreciable elastic modulus. Moreover, the gyroid pore architecture contributed on a faster ion dissolution and mass decay in vitro. It is interesting that both μCT and histological analyses indicate vascularization efficiency was challenged even in the 650-μm pore region of hexagon-pore scaffolds within 2 weeks in rabbit models, but the gyroid pore constructs indicated appreciable blood vessel networks even in the 350-μm pore region at 2 weeks and high-density blood vessels were uniformly invaded in the 500- and 650-μm pore at 4 weeks. Angiogenesis was facilitated in the cube-pore scaffolds in comparison with the hexagon-pore ones within 4 weeks. These studies demonstrate that the continuous pore wall curvature feature in gyroid pore architecture is an important implication for biodegradation, vascular cell migration and vessel ingrowth in porous bioceramic scaffolds.

Preface of INda

When starting the second issue, We are pleased to share with you the second issue of the "Journal of Interior Design and Academy" (INda) which has started to be published on May 19, 2021 within the scope of Octagon Academy. INda as a magazine which started to be published despite all the negativities caused by the pandemic during the Covid-19 epidemic, continued its academic contributions with the "Online Chats with INda Series" after the first issue. Under the moderation of Assoc. Dr. Osman ARAYICI who is one of the field editors of our magazine, 8 different online chats were broadcast live on an international and national scale with experts in their fields during October and November. INda as a magazine with the aim of making versatile contributions to our country, universities, the field of interior architecture and related disciplines and professionals working in this field through the production and sharing of scientific knowledge, would like to thank you for the interest and support it has received in these studies in its first year. Obviously, there are many feelings to tell about INda, but now in the second issue, 5 articles presented by 9 authors are listed below. BEKAR and DERECİ examine the subject of refunctioning in traditional civil architecture examples in their article titled “Evaluation of The Appropriateness of Space for The New Function in Traditional Housings: The Case of Mehmet Efendi House”. In particular, Mehmet Efendi Mansion evaluates the old space-new function suitability under two headings as "functional spatial suitability" and "environmentally functional suitability". ÇELENK and SÜRDEM's article titled “Continuity of Cultural Memory: From Samsun Tekel Tobacco Factory to Bafra Tobacco Museum” examines the re-functionalization process. The formal and semantic analyzes of the two structures are presented by making comparisons. ERBAY, in the article titled "Balcony as An Architectural Item", makes an inference over the semantic values ​​that “Balcony” covered during the pandemic process that started with the Covid-19 outbreak. ERBAY and ULUSOY examine the “sense” as a term in interior space in their article titled “Senses in The Interiors: An Example of Entrance Spaces at Hospitals”. In the article, the general design principles have been tried to be reached through the given example, and the design tools that can appeal to the senses in the interior are revealed. ATMACA and REYHAN discuss the Cultural Road Project within the scope of adaptive reuse in their article titled “Adaptive Reuse in Restored Historic Buildings: A Field Study in Ünye”. While examining the historical development and architectural features of the selected sample structures, the evaluation of restoration and all perspectives of adaptive reuse that completes this evaluation contributes to the literature. We would like to thank all authors for their contributions to academic production in our field and all our readers for their support. As INda, we welcome all your comments, contributions and suggestions about us. Enjoy our December 2021 issue… Happy New Year…

A New Heart for East Porirua, Waitangirua

<p>Waitangirua is a vital piece of the puzzle when completing the Porirua Regeneration Scheme and The Transmission Gully Motorway. Waitangirua is a small suburb of 4020 residents located in the East of Porirua City. The current regeneration of East Porirua is seeing 2000 state homes being renovated or demolished and 2000 additional dwellings on site. With that in mind, a transmission gully link road drives straight to the heart of the community’s village centre: this road alone will see an additional 3000-4000 cars travelling down it daily. Waitangirua currently hosts a diverse and young population, but it lacks the architectural features to encourage diversity and social interaction. With Transmission Gully’s completion in 2020 and the regeneration at the beginning of its 25-year plan, it is timely to think about the future of Waitangirua, not only for the social growth of the suburb but also the liveability for the community. The current village centre does not match its neighbourhood, let alone have the capability to host all these new people. Leading to the research question, ‘How can an under-utilised centre be re-imagined for the social growth and liveability of its residents?’ This thesis examines the importance of connections for social growth and liveability; while considering the priority of community engagements in the success of the design. It also investigates the significance of architecture and urban planning in integrating the identity of the community and their culture into the design schemes. A New Heart for East Porirua proposes this can be achieved by renewing the flow and connection of the people; to each other, their village centre and wider Porirua. At the same time as engaging with the community and cultural narrative to enhance the site; and finally, by re-imagining the under-utilised centre and community hub in a holistic approach for the on-going journey of the community of Waitangirua.</p>

A New Heart for East Porirua, Waitangirua

<p>Waitangirua is a vital piece of the puzzle when completing the Porirua Regeneration Scheme and The Transmission Gully Motorway. Waitangirua is a small suburb of 4020 residents located in the East of Porirua City. The current regeneration of East Porirua is seeing 2000 state homes being renovated or demolished and 2000 additional dwellings on site. With that in mind, a transmission gully link road drives straight to the heart of the community’s village centre: this road alone will see an additional 3000-4000 cars travelling down it daily. Waitangirua currently hosts a diverse and young population, but it lacks the architectural features to encourage diversity and social interaction. With Transmission Gully’s completion in 2020 and the regeneration at the beginning of its 25-year plan, it is timely to think about the future of Waitangirua, not only for the social growth of the suburb but also the liveability for the community. The current village centre does not match its neighbourhood, let alone have the capability to host all these new people. Leading to the research question, ‘How can an under-utilised centre be re-imagined for the social growth and liveability of its residents?’ This thesis examines the importance of connections for social growth and liveability; while considering the priority of community engagements in the success of the design. It also investigates the significance of architecture and urban planning in integrating the identity of the community and their culture into the design schemes. A New Heart for East Porirua proposes this can be achieved by renewing the flow and connection of the people; to each other, their village centre and wider Porirua. At the same time as engaging with the community and cultural narrative to enhance the site; and finally, by re-imagining the under-utilised centre and community hub in a holistic approach for the on-going journey of the community of Waitangirua.</p>

SAINT NICHOLAS CHURCH IN UNEZHMA VILLAGE: HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE

The article deals with a relatively unknown monument of wooden architecture – the Saint Nicholas Church (1824) in Unezhma village of the Onega District in the Arkhangelsk Region. The monument is extremely hard to reach, and it is located in a unique natural environment. The church stands out due to its architecture; however, it is poorly studied in terms of its construction history, architectural and artistic features, and interconnections with regional traditions. The church is described together with the bell tower built in 1792 as an architectural complex existing for more than four hundred years. The study is based on historical archival sources and on-site survey results. The authors traced the construction history of the Saint Nicholas Church and identified its construction stages. The appearance of the building at each construction stage was substantiated and presented through graphical reconstructions. The building was compared to similar structures found in the Onega Pomorye, and its specific architectural features were exposed. The building was also studied from the structural point of view. Based on the results of the comparison with similar structures and the analysis of their historical changes, the author made some conclusions about the original design of the church top. Historical data on the preceding church were interpreted and used to create its graphical reconstruction, together with the analysis of local architectural traditions. Thus, the article brings to light the construction history and development of the Unezhma church complex. The architecture of the Saint Nicholas Church and the bell tower has its distinctive features, but it ultimately conforms to the church-building traditions of the Onega Pomorye.