Dramatic percentage increases in female soldiers, married enlisted soldiers, spouses in the labor force, female single-parent soldiers, and dual military couples have changed the demography of the Army substantially since the end of the Vietnam War and the institution of the All Volunteer Army. The presence of dual-career military families is one change that has shifted the traditional pattern of the unmarried male soldier led by a married male officer. This report documents the changes in dual military families since the early 1970s in the U.S. Army and discusses what effects, if any, there may be on family adaptation, retention, readiness, and use of services and what effects current downsizing initiatives might have on the prevalence of dual military couples in the Army.